Vue.js is a popular front-end framework that can build highly maintainable and reusable user interfaces. One of its main advantages is that it is very easy to learn and use, and works seamlessly with other libraries and frameworks. However, when your application starts to become more and more complex, you may encounter a problem: how to manage global state and data? This is the problem Vuex solves.
Vuex is a state management library designed specifically for Vue.js. Its main purpose is to make the maintenance of state more manageable. Vuex presents a single "source of data" and manages it in a predictable way.
In this article, we will introduce the basics of Vuex and demonstrate how to use it in Vue.js to manage global state and data.
Before we go deep into Vuex, we need to have a basic understanding of its core concepts.
State is an object that stores application state. In Vuex, state is reactive, which means that when a state changes, all components using that state will automatically update. Normally you should initialize state to an empty object.
const store = new Vuex.Store({
state: {
count: 0
}
})Getter is a function used to get data from the state. Getter can be used when we need to calculate or filter the status. The getter accepts state as its first argument. Getters can be computed properties or functions.
const store = new Vuex.Store({
state: {
todos: [
{ id: 1, text: 'Todo 1', done: true },
{ id: 2, text: 'Todo 2', done: false }
]
},
getters: {
doneTodos: state => {
return state.todos.filter(todo => todo.done)
},
todoById: (state) => (id) => {
return state.todos.find(todo => todo.id === id)
}
}
})Mutation is used to change the state. When changing state, you must use Mutation instead of changing the state directly. This convention allows us to track every state change and debug or backtrack as these changes occur. Mutation must be synchronous.
const store = new Vuex.Store({
state: {
count: 0
},
mutations: {
increment (state) {
state.count++
}
}
})Action is used to perform asynchronous tasks and submit Mutation. Actions often contain asynchronous logic, such as API calls. When an Action is called, it commits Mutations rather than changing state directly.
const store = new Vuex.Store({
state: {
count: 0
},
mutations: {
increment (state) {
state.count++
}
},
actions: {
incrementAsync ({ commit }) {
setTimeout(() => {
commit('increment')
}, 1000)
}
}
})Vuex applications typically have a large state tree. To make the state tree maintainable, it can be split into several separate modules. Modules allow us to easily organize our code and isolate state.
const counterModule = {
state: {
count: 0
},
mutations: {
increment (state) {
state.count++
}
},
actions: {
incrementAsync ({ commit }) {
setTimeout(() => {
commit('increment')
}, 1000)
}
}
}
const store = new Vuex.Store({
modules: {
counter: counterModule
}
})Now that we understand the basics of Vuex, let’s see how to use it in a Vue.js application.
To use Vuex, first install it into your project. It can be installed using npm:
npm install vuex --save
After installation, you need to configure it into Vue.js by calling the Vue.use() method:
import Vue from 'vue' import Vuex from 'vuex' Vue.use(Vuex)
Let Let's create a very simple Todo List application to demonstrate how to use Vuex with Vue.js.
First we need to define an initial state, in this case we will define an array of todos:
const store = new Vuex.Store({
state: {
todos: [
{ id: 1, text: 'Todo 1', done: true },
{ id: 2, text: 'Todo 2', done: false },
{ id: 3, text: 'Todo 3', done: true }
]
}
})Now we define our state , let's see how to get the status using Getter.
Getter allows us to get data from the state and perform calculations. In our Todo List application, we can use Getters to get specific status or completed and unfinished todos.
const store = new Vuex.Store({
state: {
todos: [
{ id: 1, text: 'Todo 1', done: true },
{ id: 2, text: 'Todo 2', done: false },
{ id: 3, text: 'Todo 3', done: true }
]
},
getters: {
allTodos: state => {
return state.todos
},
completedTodos: state => {
return state.todos.filter(todo => todo.done)
},
incompleteTodos: state => {
return state.todos.filter(todo => !todo.done)
}
}
})If you want to change the state, you need to use Mutation. Depending on our application, we can define two Mutation: add Todo and toggle completion status.
const store = new Vuex.Store({
state: {
todos: [
{ id: 1, text: 'Todo 1', done: true },
{ id: 2, text: 'Todo 2', done: false },
{ id: 3, text: 'Todo 3', done: true }
]
},
getters: {
allTodos: state => {
return state.todos
},
completedTodos: state => {
return state.todos.filter(todo => todo.done)
},
incompleteTodos: state => {
return state.todos.filter(todo => !todo.done)
}
},
mutations: {
addTodo: (state, todo) => {
state.todos.push(todo)
},
toggleTodo: (state, id) => {
const todo = state.todos.find(todo => todo.id === id)
todo.done = !todo.done
}
}
})In our Todo List application, we may need to perform some asynchronous operations. For example, if you want to get todos from the server, you have to use an asynchronous Action.
const store = new Vuex.Store({
state: {
todos: [
{ id: 1, text: 'Todo 1', done: true },
{ id: 2, text: 'Todo 2', done: false },
{ id: 3, text: 'Todo 3', done: true }
]
},
getters: {
allTodos: state => {
return state.todos
},
completedTodos: state => {
return state.todos.filter(todo => todo.done)
},
incompleteTodos: state => {
return state.todos.filter(todo => !todo.done)
}
},
mutations: {
addTodo: (state, todo) => {
state.todos.push(todo)
},
toggleTodo: (state, id) => {
const todo = state.todos.find(todo => todo.id === id)
todo.done = !todo.done
}
},
actions: {
loadTodos: ({ commit }) => {
api.getTodos(todos => {
todos.forEach(todo => {
commit('addTodo', todo)
})
})
}
}
})As your Vuex state becomes more complex, you may need to split it into multiple modules.
In our application, we can split the Todo List application state into two modules: Todo and User. The Todo module contains Todo list data and related operations. The User module contains user information.
const todoModule = {
state: {
todos: [
{ id: 1, text: 'Todo 1', done: true },
{ id: 2, text: 'Todo 2', done: false },
{ id: 3, text: 'Todo 3', done: true }
]
},
getters: {
allTodos: state => {
return state.todos
},
completedTodos: state => {
return state.todos.filter(todo => todo.done)
},
incompleteTodos: state => {
return state.todos.filter(todo => !todo.done)
}
},
mutations: {
addTodo: (state, todo) => {
state.todos.push(todo)
},
toggleTodo: (state, id) => {
const todo = state.todos.find(todo => todo.id === id)
todo.done = !todo.done
}
},
actions: {
loadTodos: ({ commit }) => {
api.getTodos(todos => {
todos.forEach(todo => {
commit('addTodo', todo)
})
})
}
}
}
const userModule = {
state: {
user: null
},
mutations: {
setUser: (state, user) => {
state.user = user
},
clearUser: (state) => {
state.user = null
}
},
actions: {
login: ({ commit }, user) => {
api.login(user, () => {
commit('setUser', user)
})
},
logout: ({ commit }) => {
api.logout(() => {
commit('clearUser')
})
}
}
}
const store = new Vuex.Store({
modules: {
todo: todoModule,
user: userModule
}
})Vuex is a very powerful state management library that helps us elegantly manage the state and data of Vue.js applications. By using Vuex, we can easily access and change global state without having to manually pass data between components. Remember, best practice is to use Vuex on demand, when needed. For simple applications, just using local component state may be enough to fully meet your needs. However, if your application becomes increasingly complex, you may consider using Vuex to manage state.
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