Database Design Guide: Standardized Optimization in PHP Programming

With the continuous advancement of Internet technology, databases, as an important tool for data storage and management, have gradually become a core component of Web development. As a programming language widely used in web development, PHP interacts particularly frequently with databases. In PHP programming, how to standardize and optimize the database can improve the performance of PHP programs and issues that must be considered. This article will discuss the standardized optimization in PHP programming from the perspective of database design.

1. Standardized design of database

Standardized database refers to the process of optimizing a database that does not meet the standardized design principles to make it meet the standardized design principles. Standardized design principles include three basic principles: first normal form (1NF), second normal form (2NF) and third normal form (3NF).

1.1 First Normal Form (1NF)

The database table must satisfy the condition that each field is atomic, that is, it cannot be decomposed. In actual development, a complex field can be split into multiple fields, each field is only responsible for one data item.

For example, in a person's information table, if the address field is stored as "No. 65, Haida Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province", it violates the provisions of the first paradigm. The address can be split into Five fields: "Province/City/District/Street/House Number".

1.2 Second Normal Form (2NF)

The database table must satisfy that each non-primary key field must completely depend on the primary key, that is, it cannot only rely on part of the primary key.

For example, in an order information table, if the two fields of order amount and order quantity are stored in the same table, and these two fields are only partially related to the primary key "order number", that is, the order number product number, it violates the provisions of the second paradigm. The order amount and order quantity can be split into a new table, with the product number as the primary key, and associated with the order table through foreign keys.

1.3 Third Normal Form (3NF)

The database table must satisfy that each non-primary key field must directly depend on the primary key and cannot indirectly depend on the primary key.

For example, in a student information table, if the teacher information of each student's class is stored in the table, it violates the provisions of the third normal form, and the class information can be split into a new table , and are associated with the student table through primary key/foreign key respectively.

2. Database performance optimization

In addition to standardized design, in order to improve the performance of PHP programs, the following database performance optimization measures can also be taken.

2.1 Establishing an index

The index is a data structure used to improve the speed of database queries, which can speed up data retrieval and search. In PHP programming, proper indexing can greatly improve the query speed of the program.

For example, in a user-managed table, if you need to query based on the user name, you can create an index on the user name field to speed up the query process.

2.2 Optimizing SQL statements

SQL statements are the core of operating the database. Proper optimization of SQL statements can improve the query speed of the program. In PHP programming, SQL statements can be customized and optimized according to actual needs.

For example, in a user-managed table, if you need to query all undeleted users, you can optimize the SQL statement to query only undeleted users instead of querying all users and then filtering.

2.3 Avoid using full table scan

Full table scan means that during query operation, the database needs to scan the entire table to find the required data. Such query speed is very slow. In PHP programming, full table scans should be avoided as much as possible.

For example, in an order information table, if you need to query the number of orders within a certain time period, you can optimize the SQL statement to only query the orders within this time period, instead of querying the entire table and then filtering.

3. Optimization of PHP programs

In addition to standardized design and performance optimization of the database, some optimization measures can also be taken in the writing of PHP programs to improve the performance of the program.

3.1 Database connection pool technology

Connection pool technology is a technology widely used in programming, which can effectively reduce program overhead and improve performance, especially in PHP programming.

A connection pool is a collection of connections that have been created and preprocessed and can be used quickly. When using connection pool technology, the program only needs to obtain the connection from the connection pool and return it to the connection pool after use, avoiding the overhead of frequently creating and destroying connections.

3.2 Object-relational mapping (ORM) technology

ORM technology is a technology that converts and maps the object model and the relational database model to each other. In PHP programming, using ORM technology can greatly simplify the database operation process and improve programming efficiency.

ORM technology can map objects and database records to each other, converting database operations into operations on objects, eliminating the need for handwritten SQL statements and reducing the possibility of errors.

4. Summary

In PHP programming, adopting standardized design and performance optimization can greatly improve the performance and efficiency of the program and improve the user experience. In database design, the database should be optimized according to standardized design principles; in database use, indexes should be established, SQL statements should be optimized, full table scans should be avoided, etc.; in program writing, connection pool technology and ORM technology should be used to simplify the database Operation process to improve programming efficiency. The above measures can effectively improve the performance and efficiency of PHP programs, making the programs more stable, reliable, and efficient.

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