Transaction management under Spring Cloud microservice architecture

As enterprise business continues to expand, a single application is often unable to handle large-scale business processing. The microservice architecture is a solution that emerged as the times require. It splits a large application system into multiple small service units, and each service unit can be independently developed, deployed, operated, maintained, and upgraded. This architecture can greatly improve the flexibility and scalability of applications, while also reducing the coupling between developers and accelerating application development and iteration.

In the microservice architecture, a business request needs to call multiple service units to complete, which brings about a very important issue: transaction management. Because if a business request involves multiple service units, it must be ensured that these service units can be under the same transaction management, either submitted together or rolled back together, so as to ensure data consistency. Otherwise, various problems will occur, such as repeated submissions, inconsistent data, etc.

Under the Spring Cloud microservice architecture, there are generally three ways to perform distributed transaction management:

1. Write local transaction management code
2. Use message middleware Transaction mechanism
3. Solution based on distributed transaction management framework

Below I will introduce and compare these three solutions respectively in order to choose the most appropriate solution to deal with distributed Transaction management issues.

1. Writing local transaction management code

The idea of ​​​​this solution is: each service unit maintains a local transaction manager internally. When a service unit needs to process data During operation, first open the transaction, perform data operations, and then commit or roll back the transaction.

For example: If the order system needs to call the account system to perform a transfer operation, then the order system will either insert an order data directly into its own database, or insert an order data into the context of the local transaction manager of the order. Order data. Then, the order system calls the transfer service of the account system to perform the transfer operation. The local transaction manager must also be enabled inside the transfer service to ensure the atomicity and consistency of the operation. Finally, if everything goes well, the order system can commit the transaction, otherwise it rolls back the transaction.

The advantage of this solution is that it is simple and easy to understand. It does not need to rely on additional components and can be implemented directly using the @Transactional annotation provided by Spring. The disadvantage is that it requires manual writing of transaction management code and is not flexible enough. In addition, if business operations require calling multiple third-party service systems, the implementation of this solution will be very complicated.

2. Using the transaction mechanism of message middleware

The idea of ​​​​this solution is to use the characteristics of the message queue to achieve transaction management. When a business request needs to call multiple service units, it first puts the request into the message queue, and then each service unit gets the request from the message queue and processes it. If the message queue supports transactional features, then these processing operations will be in the same transaction, either submitted together or rolled back together.

For example: If the order system needs to call the logistics system for delivery operations, then the order system will publish a "delivery request" message in the message queue. The logistics system must also subscribe to this message. After receiving the message, it will perform the shipping operation. After the operation is successful, the transaction will be submitted, otherwise the transaction will be rolled back. If the order system also needs to operate its own local database, then the order system also needs to participate in the message queue transaction.

The advantage of this solution is that it can avoid manually writing transaction management code and can ensure the consistency and atomicity of transactions. The disadvantage is that it needs to rely on the message queue. The configuration and maintenance of the message queue will be more complicated, and if the system scale is large, the throughput and delay of the message queue will become a bottleneck.

3. Solution based on distributed transaction management framework

The idea of ​​this solution is to use a third-party distributed transaction management framework to implement transaction management. For example, cross-service distributed transactions can be easily implemented using Alibaba's Seata framework.

For example: If the order system needs to call the account system for transfer operations, then the order system can call the distributed transaction service provided by the Seata framework to create a distributed transaction. Then, both the order system and the account system can participate in the management of this distributed transaction, perform data operations, and then submit or roll back the transaction together. When using the Seata framework, you need to set the corresponding configuration in each service unit. This configuration includes parameters related to data sources and distributed transactions.

The advantage of this solution is that it uses a mature distributed transaction management framework, which can avoid transaction management problems to the greatest extent and has strong scalability. The disadvantage is that additional configuration and code adjustments are required, and the management complexity will increase when there are many service units and business processes.

The above three solutions each have their own advantages and disadvantages, and you need to choose the most suitable solution based on business needs and system design. Of course, more special situations may be encountered in actual projects and need to be handled flexibly.

For Spring Cloud microservice architecture, transaction management is an issue that must be considered. If transactions are not handled properly, it will bring great hidden dangers to the business. Therefore, in architecture design and development, it is necessary to strictly follow the principles and best practices of distributed transaction management and reduce the complexity of distributed transaction management as much as possible to ensure the reliability and stability of the application.

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