Comparison of distributed database architectures between MySQL and TiDB

Comparison of distributed database architectures between MySQL and TiDB

With the rapid development of the Internet and the explosive growth of data scale, the traditional relational database MySQL has gradually revealed performance bottlenecks and insufficient scalability. In order to solve these problems, a new distributed database architecture TiDB came into being. This article will compare the distributed database architectures of MySQL and TiDB and give corresponding code examples.

1. MySQL’s distributed database architecture

MySQL uses master-slave replication to build a distributed database architecture. The master database (Master) is responsible for processing user write operations and recording data changes into binlog logs, and then asynchronously transmits these logs to the slave database (Slave). By reading these logs from the database, you can update your own data to achieve data consistency.

The following is a simple MySQL master-slave replication code example:

-- 配置主数据库（Master）
# 在my.cnf文件中添加以下配置
[mysqld]
log-bin=mysql-bin
server-id=1

-- 配置从数据库（Slave）
# 在my.cnf文件中添加以下配置
[mysqld]
server-id=2
relay-log=mysql-relay-bin
read-only=ON

In the above code, when configuring the master database, we enabled binlog logging and assigned it a unique server-id. From the database configuration, we specify a relay-log for recording relay logs, and set read-only to ON to prohibit write operations from the database.

2. TiDB’s distributed database architecture

TiDB is a distributed database system that uses distributed transactions and consistent hashing to build clusters. TiDB cluster consists of three parts: TiDB Server, TiKV and PD. Among them, TiDB Server is responsible for receiving SQL requests from clients, PD is responsible for cluster metadata management and scheduling, and TiKV is responsible for data storage and distribution.

The following is a simple TiDB cluster code example:

-- 启动PD
./pd-server --name=PD1 --data-dir=pd1

-- 启动TiKV节点
./tikv-server --pd-endpoints=127.0.0.1:2379 --data-dir=tikv1

-- 启动TiDB Server
./tidb-server --store=tikv --path=127.0.0.1:2379

In the above code, we first started a PD node and specified its name and data storage path. Then a TiKV node was started and connected to the PD node. Finally, start TiDB Server, specify the data storage engine as TiKV, and connect to the cluster by specifying the address of the PD node.

3. Comparative analysis

1. In terms of performance and scalability:
   MySQL’s master-slave replication mode has good performance support for write operations, but it has poor performance support for read operations. Expansion capabilities are limited. TiDB adopts a distributed architecture, has good scalability in both read and write operations, and can support high concurrent access requirements.
2. In terms of data consistency:
   MySQL master-slave replication mode has asynchronous replication problems, and there may be data inconsistencies between the master database and the slave database. TiDB uses distributed transactions and consistent hashing algorithms to ensure data consistency between nodes during the data update process.
3. Deployment and management:
   The deployment and management of MySQL is relatively simple, but the management of large-scale clusters is more cumbersome. TiDB greatly simplifies the deployment and management of distributed clusters through the scheduling and management of PD nodes.

To sum up, TiDB has obvious advantages over MySQL for large-scale, high-concurrency applications. However, for smaller-scale applications, MySQL's simplicity and maturity may be more suitable. Therefore, when choosing a database architecture, you need to weigh the pros and cons based on your specific needs.

The code example only provides simple configuration of MySQL master-slave replication and TiDB cluster. In actual projects, detailed configuration and performance optimization are required based on actual conditions.

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