When customizing software installation, it is often necessary to configure environment variables. The following lists various ways to configure environment variables. .
The environment description for all examples below is as follows:
How to read environment variables:
The effect of executing these two commands is as follows
uusama@ubuntu:~exportdeclare -x HOME="/home/uusama"declare -x LANG="en_US.UTF-8"declare -x LANGUAGE="en_US:"declare -x LESSCLOSE="/usr/bin/lesspipe %s %s"declare -x LESSOPEN="| /usr/bin/lesspipe %s"declare -x LOGNAME="uusama"declare -x MAIL="/var/mail/uusama"declare -x PATH="/home/uusama/bin:/home/uusama/.local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"declare -x SSH_TTY="/dev/pts/0"declare -x TERM="xterm"declare -x USER="uusama"uusama@ubuntu:~ echo $PATH/home/uusama/bin:/home/uusama/.local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
The PATH variable defines the search path for running the command. Use colon: to separate different paths. When using export definition, you can add double quotes or not. add.
Use the export command to directly modify the value of PATH and configure MySQL to enter the environment variable method:
export PATH=/home/uusama/mysql/bin:PATH# 或者把PATH放在前面export PATH=PATH:/home/uusama/mysql/bin
Notes:
通过修改用户目录下的~/.bashrc文件进行配置:
vim ~/.bashrc# 在最后一行加上export PATH=$PATH:/home/uusama/mysql/bin
注意事项:
和修改~/.bashrc文件类似,也是要在文件最后加上新的路径即可:
vim ~/.bash_profile# 在最后一行加上export PATH=$PATH:/home/uusama/mysql/bin
注意事项:
该方法是修改系统配置,需要管理员权限(如root)或者对该文件的写入权限:
# 如果/etc/bashrc文件不可编辑,需要修改为可编辑chmod -v u+w /etc/bashrcvim /etc/bashrc# 在最后一行加上export PATH=$PATH:/home/uusama/mysql/bin
注意事项:
该方法修改系统配置,需要管理员权限或者对该文件的写入权限,和vim /etc/bashrc类似:
# 如果/etc/profile文件不可编辑,需要修改为可编辑chmod -v u+w /etc/profilevim /etc/profile# 在最后一行加上export PATH=$PATH:/home/uusama/mysql/bin
注意事项:
该方法是修改系统环境配置文件,需要管理员权限或者对该文件的写入权限:
# 如果/etc/bashrc文件不可编辑,需要修改为可编辑chmod -v u+w /etc/environmentvim /etc/profile# 在最后一行加上export PATH=$PATH:/home/uusama/mysql/bin
注意事项:
上面列出了环境变量的各种配置方法,那么Linux是如何加载这些配置的呢?是以什么样的顺序加载的呢?
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特定的加载顺序会导致相同名称的环境变量定义被覆盖或者不生效。
环境变量可以简单的分成用户自定义的环境变量以及系统级别的环境变量。
为了测试各个不同文件的环境变量加载顺序,我们在每个环境变量定义文件中的第一行都定义相同的环境变量UU_ORDER,该变量的值为本身的值连接上当前文件名称。
需要修改的文件如下:
在每个文件中的第一行都加上下面这句代码,并相应的把冒号后的内容修改为当前文件的绝对文件名。
export UU_ORDER="$UU_ORDER:~/.bash_profile"
修改完之后保存,新开一个窗口,然后echo $UU_ORDER观察变量的值:
uusama@ubuntu:~echoUU_ORDER $UU_ORDER:/etc/environment:/etc/profile:/etc/bash.bashrc:/etc/profile.d/test.sh:~/.profile:~/.bashrc
可以推测出Linux加载环境变量的顺序如下:
由上面的测试可容易得出Linux加载环境变量的顺序如下,:
系统环境变量 -> 用户自定义环境变量 /etc/environment -> /etc/profile -> ~/.profile
打开/etc/profile文件你会发现,该文件的代码中会加载/etc/bash.bashrc文件,然后检查/etc/profile.d/目录下的.sh文件并加载。另外,搜索公众号Linux就该这样学后台回复“Linux”,获取一份惊喜礼包。
# /etc/profile: system-wide .profile file for the Bourne shell (sh(1)) # and Bourne compatible shells (bash(1), ksh(1), ash(1), ...). if [ "PS1" ]; then if [ "BASH" ] && [ "BASH" != "/bin/sh" ]; then # The file bash.bashrc already sets the default PS1. # PS1='\h:\w\$ ' if [ -f /etc/bash.bashrc ]; then . /etc/bash.bashrc fi else if [ "`id -u`" -eq 0 ]; then PS1='# ' else PS1=' ' fi fi fi if [ -d /etc/profile.d ]; then for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh; do if [ -r i ]; then .i fi done unset i fi
其次再打开~/.profile文件,会发现该文件中加载了~/.bashrc文件。
# if running bash if [ -n "BASH_VERSION" ]; then # include .bashrc if it exists if [ -f "HOME/.bashrc" ]; then . "HOME/.bashrc" fi fi # set PATH so it includes user's private bin directories PATH="HOME/bin:HOME/.local/bin:PATH"
从~/.profile文件中代码不难发现,/.profile文件只在用户登录的时候读取一次,而/.bashrc会在每次运行Shell脚本的时候读取一次。
You can customize an environment variable file, such as defining uusama.profile under a certain project, using export to define a series of variables in this file, and then following the ~/.profile file Add: source uusama.profile, so that you can use a series of variables defined by yourself in the Shell script every time you log in.
You can also use the alias command to define aliases for some commands, such as alias rm="rm -i" (double quotes required), and add this code to ~/.profile, so that you use rm every time When issuing commands, it is equivalent to using the rm -i command, which is very convenient.
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