In-depth discussion of Nginx’s caching mechanism and performance tuning techniques
Introduction:
In today’s web development, high performance and high concurrency are what we are pursuing The goal. As a high-performance web server, Nginx's caching mechanism and performance tuning skills are crucial to improving the load capacity of the website. This article will delve into Nginx's caching mechanism and performance tuning techniques, and give relevant code examples.
1. Nginx’s caching mechanism
Nginx’s caching mechanism is implemented through the proxy cache module. It can cache the proxied data locally. When the same request comes next time, the data will be read directly from the cache without the need to send a request to the back-end server. This can greatly reduce the pressure on the back-end server and improve the response speed of the website.
Enable caching
To enable Nginx’s caching function, you first need to add the following code to the Nginx configuration file:
http { ... proxy_cache_path /data/nginx/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=my_cache:10m max_size=10g inactive=60m use_temp_path=off; proxy_temp_path /data/nginx/tmp; ... }
In this code, proxy_cache_path
Defines the cache path and some related parameters. Among them, the levels
parameter represents the directory level created in the cache path, the keys_zone
parameter defines a shared memory area used to store cached indexes and related metadata, max_size
The parameter defines the maximum size of the cache. The inactive
parameter indicates that a cache that has not been accessed for a certain period of time will be considered expired. The use_temp_path
parameter specifies whether to put the cache file in in the temporary path.
Configure caching rules
To specify which requests need to be cached, you can add the following code to the Nginx configuration file:
http { ... location / { proxy_pass http://backend; proxy_cache my_cache; proxy_cache_valid 200 304 1h; } ... }
In this code, The proxy_pass
directive defines the backend server address to be proxied to, proxy_cache
specifies the cache area used, proxy_cache_valid
defines the HTTP status codes 200 and 304 to be cached time.
Refresh and clear cache
In order to ensure the real-time and accuracy of data, we sometimes need to manually refresh or clear the cache. You can add the following code to the Nginx configuration file:
http { ... location /flush_cache { internal; proxy_cache_purge my_cache "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri"; return 200 "Cache flushed successfully"; } ... }
In this code, location
specifies the URL to refresh the cache, and the internal
directive limits the request Can only be called internally by Nginx. The proxy_cache_purge
directive is used to clean the cache.
2. Nginx performance tuning techniques
In addition to the caching mechanism, we can also further improve the performance of Nginx through some performance tuning techniques.
Increase the number of concurrent connections of the Worker process
Nginx has a smaller number of Worker processes configured by default. You can increase the number of Worker processes by modifying the configuration file to increase the number of concurrent connections:
worker_processes auto; events { worker_connections 4096; }
In this code, worker_processes
specifies the number of Worker processes, and the events
part specifies the maximum number of concurrent connections for each Worker process.
Configure TCP connection and timeout parameters
Properly configuring TCP connection and timeout parameters can improve the performance of Nginx:
http { ... keepalive_timeout 65; keepalive_requests 100; send_timeout 2m; client_header_timeout 1m; ... }
In this code, keepalive_timeout
defines the maximum time a client connection remains active without any requests, keepalive_requests
defines the maximum number of client connection requests, send_timeout
defines The maximum time to send a response to the client, client_header_timeout
defines the maximum time to receive the client request header.
Enable Gzip compression
Enabling Gzip compression can reduce the amount of data transferred and improve page loading speed:
http { ... gzip on; gzip_disable "msie6"; gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json; ... }
In this code, The gzip
directive enables Gzip compression, gzip_disable
specifies not to compress the msie6
browser request, and gzip_types
specifies the MIME type that requires Gzip compression.
Conclusion:
By in-depth discussion of Nginx’s caching mechanism and performance tuning techniques, we can better understand and apply Nginx, and effectively improve the website’s load capacity and user experience. . By properly configuring the caching mechanism and performance parameters, and tuning according to the actual situation, we can achieve better results in high-performance and high-concurrency web development. I hope this article can be helpful to readers.
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