Complex objects can hold any allowed JavaScript value. In the following code, I create an Object() object named myObject and then add properties that represent most of the values available in JavaScript.
Complex Object
Example: sample29.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
var myObject = {};
// Contain properties inside of myObject representing most of the native JavaScript values.
myObject.myFunction = function () { };
myObject.myArray = [];
myObject.myString = 'string';
myObject.myNumber = 33;
myObject.myDate = new Date();
myObject.myRegExp = /a/;
myObject.myNull = null;
myObject.myUndefined = undefined;
myObject.myObject = {};
myObject.myMath_PI = Math.PI;
myObject.myError = new Error('Darn!');
console.log(myObject.myFunction, myObject.myArray, myObject.myString, myObject.myNumber, myObject.myDate, myObject.myRegExp, myObject.myNull, myObject.myNull, myObject.myUndefined, myObject.myObject, myObject.myMath_PI, myObject.myError);
/* Works the same with any of the complex objects, for example a function. */
var myFunction = function () { };
myFunction.myFunction = function () { };
myFunction.myArray = [];
myFunction.myString = 'string';
myFunction.myNumber = 33;
myFunction.myDate = new Date();
myFunction.myRegExp = /a/;
myFunction.myNull = null;
myFunction.myUndefined = undefined;
myFunction.myObject = {};
myFunction.myMath_PI = Math.PI;
myFunction.myError = new Error('Darn!');
console.log(myFunction.myFunction, myFunction.myArray, myFunction.myString, myFunction.myNumber, myFunction.myDate, myFunction.myRegExp, myFunction.myNull, myFunction.myNull, myFunction.myUndefined, myFunction.myObject, myFunction.myMath_PI, myFunction.myError);
</script></body></html>
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The simple concept to learn here is that complex objects can contain anything that can be nominally expressed in JavaScript. You shouldn't be surprised when you see this done, as all native objects can be mutated. This applies even to String(), Number() and Boolean() values in object form, i.e. created using the new operator when they.
Encapsulate complex objects in a programmatically beneficial way
Object(), Array(), and Function() objects can contain other complex objects. In the example below, I demonstrate this by setting up an object tree using an Object() object.
Example: sample30.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
// Encapsulation using objects creates object chains.
var object1 = {
object1_1: {
object1_1_1: {foo: 'bar'},
object1_1_2: {},
},
object1_2: {
object1_2_1: {},
object1_2_2: {},
}
};
console.log(object1.object1_1.object1_1_1.foo); // Logs 'bar'.
</script></body></html>
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The same operation can be accomplished using an Array() object (aka a multidimensional array) or a Function() object.
Example: sample31.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
// Encapsulation using arrays creates a multidimensional array chain.
var myArray = [[[]]]; // An empty array, inside an empty array, inside an empty array.
/* Here is an example of encapsulation using functions: An empty function inside an empty function inside an empty function. */
var myFunction = function () {
// Empty function.
var myFunction = function () {
// Empty function.
var myFunction = function () {
// Empty function.
};
};
};
// We can get crazy and mix and match too.
var foo = [{ foo: [{ bar: { say: function () { return 'hi'; } }}]}];
console.log(foo[0].foo[0].bar.say()); // Logs 'hi'.
</script></body></html>
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The main concept to grasp here is that some complex objects are designed to encapsulate other objects in a programmatically beneficial way.
Use dot notation or bracket notation to get, set, and update the properties of an object
We can use dot notation or square bracket notation to get, set or update the properties of an object.
In the example below, I demonstrate dot notation, which is done by using the object name followed by a period, and then followed by the property you want to get, set, or update (for example, objectName.property ). < /p>
Example: sample32.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
// Create a cody Object() object.
var cody = new Object();
// Setting properties.
cody.living = true;
cody.age = 33;
cody.gender = 'male';
cody.getGender = function () { return cody.gender; };
// Getting properties.
console.log(
cody.living,
cody.age,
cody.gender,
cody.getGender()
); // Logs 'true 33 male male'.
// Updating properties, exactly like setting.
cody.living = false;
cody.age = 99;
cody.gender = 'female';
cody.getGender = function () { return 'Gender = ' + cody.gender; };
console.log(cody);
</script></body></html>
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Dot notation is the most common notation for getting, setting, or updating object properties.
Bracket notation is not commonly used unless required. In the following example, I replaced the dot notation used in the previous example with bracket notation. The object name is followed by an opening bracket, the property name (in quotes), and then a closing bracket:
Example: sample33.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
// Creating a cody Object() object.
var cody = new Object();
// Setting properties.
cody['living'] = true;
cody['age'] = 33;
cody['gender'] = 'male';
cody['getGender'] = function () { return cody.gender; };
// Getting properties.
console.log(
cody['living'],
cody['age'],
cody['gender'],
cody['getGender']() // Just slap the function invocation on the end!
); // Logs 'true 33 male male'.
// Updating properties, very similar to setting.
cody['living'] = false;
cody['age'] = 99;
cody['gender'] = 'female';
cody['getGender'] = function () { return 'Gender = ' + cody.gender; };
console.log(cody);
</script></body></html>
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Bracket notation is useful when you need to access a property key and you must use a variable containing a string value representing the property name. In the next example, I demonstrate the advantages of bracket notation over dot notation by using square bracket notation to access the property foobar. I do this using two variables that when concatenated produce string versions of the property keys contained in foobarObject.
Example: sample34.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
var foobarObject = { foobar: 'Foobar is code for no code' };
var string1 = 'foo';
var string2 = 'bar';
console.log(foobarObject[string1 + string2]); // Let's see dot notation do this!
</script></body></html>
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Additionally, bracket notation makes it easy to get property names for invalid JavaScript identifiers. In the code below, I'm using a number and a reserved keyword as the property name (valid as a string), which can only be accessed using bracket notation.
Example: sample35.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
var myObject = { '123': 'zero', 'class': 'foo' };
// Let's see dot notation do this! Keep in mind 'class' is a keyword in JavaScript.
console.log(myObject['123'], myObject['class']); //Logs 'zero foo'.
// It can't do what bracket notation can do, in fact it causes an error.
// console.log(myObject.0, myObject.class);
</script></body></html>
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Because objects can contain other objects, cody.object.object.object.object or cody['object']['object']['object']['object' ] can be viewed at the following locations. This is called object chaining. Encapsulation of objects can continue indefinitely.
Objects are mutable in JavaScript, which means that getting, setting, or updating can be performed on most objects at any time. You can mimic associative arrays in other languages by using bracket notation (for example, cody['age']).
If a property within an object is a method, all you have to do is call the property method using the () operator (e.g. cody.getGender()).
Delete object attributes
The
delete operator can be used to completely delete the properties of an object. In the following code snippet, we remove the bar property from the foo object.
Example: sample36.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
var foo = { bar: 'bar' };
delete foo.bar;
console.log('bar' in foo); // Logs false, because bar was deleted from foo.
</script></body></html>
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delete Properties found on the prototype chain will not be deleted.
Delete is the only way to actually remove a property from an object. Setting a property to undefined or null only changes the value of that property. It does not remove properties from the object.
How to resolve references to object properties
If you try to access a property that is not contained in the object, JavaScript will try to find the property or method using the prototype chain. In the example below, I create an array and try to access a property named foo that is not yet defined. You might think that since myArray.foo is not a property of the myArray object, JavaScript would immediately return undefined. But JavaScript looks for the value of foo in two other places (Array.prototype and Object.prototype) and returns undefined.
Example: sample37.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
var myArray = [];
console.log(myArray.foo); // Logs undefined.
/* JS will look at Array.prototype for Array.prototype.foo, but it is not there. Then it will look for it at Object.prototype, but it is not there either, so undefined is returned! */
</script></body></html>
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财产。如果它有该属性，它将返回该属性的值，并且不会发生继承，因为原型链没有被杠杆化。如果实例没有该属性，JavaScript 将在对象的构造函数 prototype 对象中查找它。
所有对象实例都有一个属性，该属性是创建该实例的构造函数的秘密链接（又名 __proto__）。可以利用这个秘密链接来获取构造函数，特别是实例构造函数的原型属性。
这是 JavaScript 中对象最令人困惑的方面之一。但让我们来推理一下。请记住，函数也是具有属性的对象。允许对象从其他对象继承属性是有意义的。就像说：“嘿，对象 B，我希望你分享对象 A 拥有的所有属性。”默认情况下，JavaScript 通过 prototype 对象将这一切连接到本机对象。当您创建自己的构造函数时，您也可以利用原型链。
JavaScript 到底是如何实现这一点的？在您了解它的本质之前，您会感到困惑：只是一组规则。让我们创建一个数组来更仔细地检查 prototype 属性。
示例：sample38.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
// myArray is an Array object.
var myArray = ['foo', 'bar'];
console.log(myArray.join()); // join() is actually defined at Array.prototype.join
</script></body></html>
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我们的 Array() 实例是一个具有属性和方法的对象。当我们访问其中一种数组方法时，例如 join()，我们问自己：从 Array() 构造函数创建的 myArray 实例是否有自己的 join() 方法？我们来检查一下。
示例：sample39.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
var myArray = ['foo', 'bar'];
console.log(myArray.hasOwnProperty('join')); // Logs false.
</script></body></html>
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不，没有。然而 myArray 可以访问 join() 方法，就好像它是它自己的属性一样。这里发生了什么？好吧，您刚刚观察了原型链的运行情况。我们访问了一个属性，尽管该属性不包含在 myArray 对象中，但 JavaScript 可以在其他地方找到该属性。其他地方是非常具体的。当 Array() 构造函数由 JavaScript 创建时，join() 方法被添加（除其他外）作为 Array() 的 prototype 属性的属性。
重申一下，如果您尝试访问不包含该属性的对象上的属性，JavaScript 将在 prototype 链中搜索该值。首先，它将查看创建对象的构造函数（例如，Array），并检查其原型（例如，Array.prototype）以查看是否可以在那里找到该属性。如果第一个原型对象没有该属性，则 JavaScript 会继续在初始构造函数后面的构造函数中沿链向上搜索。它可以一直做到这一点，直到链的末端。
链条的终点在哪里？让我们再次检查该示例，在 myArray 上调用 toLocaleString() 方法。
示例：sample40.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
// myArray and Array.prototype contain no toLocaleString() method.
var myArray = ['foo', 'bar'];
// toLocaleString() is actually defined at Object.prototype.toLocaleString
console.log(myArray.toLocaleString()); // Logs 'foo,bar'.
</script></body></html>
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toLocaleString() 方法未在 myArray 对象中定义。因此，原型链接规则被调用，JavaScript 在 Array 构造函数原型属性中查找属性（例如，Array.prototype）。它也不存在，因此再次调用链式规则，我们在 Object() 原型属性 (Object.prototype) 中查找该属性。是的，它在那里找到。如果没有在那里找到它，JavaScript 将产生一个错误，指出该属性是 undefined。
由于所有原型属性都是对象，因此链中的最终链接是 Object.prototype。没有其他可以检查的构造函数原型属性。
前面有一整章将原型链分解为更小的部分，所以如果你完全不明白这一点，请阅读该章，然后再回到这个解释来巩固你的理解。从这篇简短的文章中，我希望您明白，当找不到属性时（并被视为 undefined），JavaScript 将查看几个原型对象来确定属性是 undefined。查找总是会发生，这个查找过程就是 JavaScript 处理继承以及简单属性查找的方式。
使用 hasOwnProperty 验证对象属性不是来自原型链
虽然 in 运算符可以检查对象的属性，包括来自原型链的属性，但 hasOwnProperty 方法可以检查对象的属性是否来自原型链。
在下面的示例中，我们想知道 myObject 是否包含属性 foo，并且它没有从原型链继承该属性。为此，我们询问 myObject 是否有自己的名为 foo 的属性。
示例：sample41.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
var myObject = {foo: 'value'};
console.log(myObject.hasOwnProperty('foo')) // Logs true.
// Versus a property from the prototype chain.
console.log(myObject.hasOwnProperty('toString')); // Logs false.
</script></body></html>
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当您需要确定属性是对象的本地属性还是从原型链继承时，应该利用 hasOwnProperty 方法。
使用 in 运算符检查对象是否包含给定属性
in 运算符用于验证（true 或 false）对象是否包含给定属性。在此示例中，我们检查 foo 是否是 myObject 中的属性。
示例：sample42.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
var myObject = { foo: 'value' };
console.log('foo' in myObject); // Logs true.
</script></body></html>
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您应该知道 in 运算符不仅检查引用的对象中包含的属性，还检查对象通过 prototype 链继承的任何属性。因此，应用相同的属性查找规则，如果当前对象中没有该属性，则将在 prototype 链上搜索该属性。
这意味着上一个示例中的 myObject 实际上通过 prototype 链 (Object.prototype.toString) 包含一个 toString 属性方法，即使我们没有指定一个（例如 myObject.toString） = 'foo')。
示例：sample43.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
var myObject = { foo: 'value' };
console.log('toString' in myObject); // Logs true.
</script></body></html>
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在最后一个代码示例中，toString 属性实际上并不位于 myObject 对象内部。但是，它是从 Object.prototype 继承的，因此 in 运算符得出的结论是 myObject 实际上具有继承的 toString() 属性方法。
使用 for in 循环枚举（循环）对象的属性
通过使用 for in，我们可以循环访问对象中的每个属性。在以下示例中，我们使用 for in 循环从 cody 对象中检索属性名称。
示例：sample44.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
var cody = {
age: 23,
gender: 'male'
};
for (var key in cody) { // key is a variable used to represent each property name.
// Avoid properties inherited from the prototype chain.
if (cody.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
console.log(key);
}
}
</script></body></html>
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for in 循环有一个缺点。它不仅会访问正在循环的特定对象的属性。它还将在循环中包含对象继承（通过原型链）的任何属性。因此，如果这不是期望的结果，而且大多数情况下都不是，我们必须在循环内使用简单的 if 语句来确保我们只访问我们正在循环的特定对象中包含的属性。这可以通过使用所有对象继承的 hasOwnProperty() 方法来完成。
在循环中访问属性的顺序并不总是在循环中定义它们的顺序。此外，您定义属性的顺序不一定是访问它们的顺序。
只有可枚举的属性（即在循环对象属性时可用）才显示在 for in 循环中。例如，构造函数属性将不会显示。可以使用 propertyIsEnumerable() 方法检查哪些属性是可枚举的。
主机对象和本机对象
您应该知道，执行 JavaScript 的环境（例如 Web 浏览器）通常包含所谓的主机对象。宿主对象不是 ECMAScript 实现的一部分，但在执行期间可作为对象使用。当然，宿主对象的可用性和行为完全取决于宿主环境提供的内容。
例如，在网络浏览器环境中，window/head 对象及其所有包含对象（不包括 JavaScript 提供的对象）都被视为宿主对象。
在下面的示例中，我检查 window 对象的属性。
示例：sample45.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
for (x in window) {
console.log(x); // Logs all of the properties of the window/head object.
}
</script></body></html>
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您可能已经注意到，本机 JavaScript 对象未在主机对象中列出。浏览器区分主机对象和本机对象是相当常见的。
就 Web 浏览器而言，所有托管对象中最著名的是用于处理 HTML 文档的界面，也称为 DOM。以下示例是列出浏览器环境提供的 window.document 对象内包含的所有对象的方法。
示例：sample46.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><body><script>
for (x in window.document) {
console.log();
}
</script></body></html>
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我希望您在这里了解的是 JavaScript 规范本身并不关心宿主对象，反之亦然。 JavaScript 提供的内容（例如，JavaScript 1.5、ECMA-262、第 3 版与 Mozilla 的 JavaScript 1.6、1.7、1.8、1.8.1、1.8.5）和主机环境提供的内容之间存在一条分界线，并且这两者不应该存在感到困惑。
运行 JavaScript 代码的主机环境（例如 Web 浏览器）通常提供头对象（例如 Web 浏览器中的 window 对象），其中语言的本机部分与主机对象（例如 一起存储） window.location（Web 浏览器中的 window.location）和用户定义的对象（例如，您编写的在 Web 浏览器中运行的代码）。
有时，网络浏览器制造商作为 JavaScript 解释器的宿主，会在获得批准之前推出 JavaScript 版本或添加未来的 JavaScript 规范（例如，Mozilla 的 Firefox JavaScript 1.6、1.7、1.8、1.8.1） ，1.8.5）。
使用 Underscore.js 增强和扩展对象
当需要认真操作和管理对象时，JavaScript 1.5 有所欠缺。如果您在 Web 浏览器中运行 JavaScript，那么当您需要比 JavaScript 1.5 提供的更多功能时，我想在这里大胆建议使用 Underscore.js。 Underscore.js 在处理对象时提供以下功能。
这些函数适用于所有对象和数组：
each()map()reduce()reduceRight()Detect()choose()reject()all()any()include()transfer()pluck()max()min()sortBy()sortIndex()toArray()size()
These functions apply to all objects:
keys()values()function()extend()clone()tap()isEqual()isEmpty()isElement()isArray()isArgumentsisFunction()isString()isNumberisBooleanisDateisRegExpisNaNisNullisUndefined
in conclusion
I like this library because it takes advantage of new native additions to JavaScript that are supported by browsers, but also provides the same functionality to browsers that don't support it, all without changing JavaScript's native implementation unless It must be done. p>
Before you start using Underscore.js, make sure that a JavaScript library or framework you may already be using in your code doesn't already provide the functionality you need.
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