RESTful API contains two main concepts: resource and representation. A resource can be any object associated with data, or identified by a URI (multiple URIs can reference the same resource), and can be manipulated using HTTP methods. Representation is the way a resource is displayed. In this tutorial, we'll cover some theoretical information about RESTful API design and implement a sample blog application API using NodeJS.
Choosing the right resources for a RESTful API is an important part of the design. First, you need to analyze your business domain and then decide on the amount and type of resources to use that are relevant to your business needs. If you were designing a blogging API, you might use Posts, Users, and Comments. These are the resource names, and the data associated with them is the resource itself:
{
"title": "How to Design RESTful API",
"content": "RESTful API design is a very important case in the software development world.",
"author": "huseyinbabal",
"tags": [
"technology",
"nodejs",
"node-restify"
]
"category": "NodeJS"
}
After determining the required resources, you can continue with resource operations. The operation here refers to the HTTP method. For example, to create an article, you could make the following request:
POST /articles HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
Content-Type: application/json
{
"title": "RESTful API Design with Restify",
"slug": "restful-api-design-with-restify",
"content": "Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.",
"author": "huseyinbabal"
}
In the same way, you can view existing articles by making the following request:
GET /articles/123456789012 HTTP/1.1 Host: localhost:3000 Content-Type: application/json
How about updating an existing article? I hear you saying:
I can make another POST request to /articles/update/123456789012 with the payload.
Maybe better, but URIs are getting more complex. As we said earlier, operations can reference HTTP methods. This means, declaring the update operation in the HTTP method instead of putting it in the URI. For example:
PUT /articles/123456789012 HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
Content-Type: application/json
{
"title": "Updated How to Design RESTful API",
"content": "Updated RESTful API design is a very important case in the software development world.",
"author": "huseyinbabal",
"tags": [
"technology",
"nodejs",
"restify",
"one more tag"
]
"category": "NodeJS"
}
By the way, in this example you will see tag and category fields. These do not need to be required fields. You can leave them blank and set them in the future.
Sometimes you need to delete an article when it becomes outdated. In this case, you can use a DELETEHTTP request to /articles/123456789012.
HTTP methods are standard concepts. If you use them as actions, you'll have simple URIs, and this simple API will help you gain happy consumers.
What if you want to insert a comment into your article? You can select articles and add new comments to the selected articles. By using this statement, you can use the following requests:
POST /articles/123456789012/comments HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
Content-Type: application/json
{
"text": "Wow! this is a good tutorial",
"author": "john doe"
}
The resources in the above form are called sub-resources. Comments is a sub-resource of the article. The Comments payload above will be inserted into the database as a child of Articles. Sometimes, different URIs refer to the same resource. For example, to view a specific comment, you would use:
GET /articles/123456789012/comments/123 HTTP/1.1 Host: localhost:3000 Content-Type: application/json
or:
GET /comments/123456789012 HTTP/1.1 Host: localhost:3000 Content-Type: application/json
Generally speaking, API functionality changes frequently to provide consumers with new functionality. In this case, two versions of the same API can exist simultaneously. To separate these two functions, you can use version control. Version control comes in two forms
/v1.1/articles/123456789012.
GET /articles/123456789012 HTTP/1.1 Host: localhost:3000 Accept-Version: 1.0
In fact, the version changes only the representation of the resource, not the concept of the resource. Therefore, you don't need to change the URI structure. In v1.1, a new field may have been added in Article. However, it still returns an article. In the second option, the URI remains simple and the consumer does not need to change its URI in the client implementation.
It is very important to design strategies for situations where consumers do not provide version numbers. You can raise an error when no version is provided, or return a response with the first version. If you use the latest stable version as the default version, the consumer's client implementation may have many bugs.
represents the way the API displays resources. When you call an API endpoint, you return a resource. The resource can be in any format such as XML, JSON, etc. If you're designing a new API, it's best to use JSON. However, if you are updating an existing API that returns XML responses, you can provide another version for JSON responses.
This is enough theoretical information about RESTful API design. Let’s see real-life usage by designing and implementing a blogging API using Restify.
In order to design a RESTful API, we need to analyze the business domain. Then we can define our resources. In the Blog API we need:
In this API, I won't cover how to authenticate a user to create an article or comment. For the authentication part, you can refer to Token Based Authentication Tutorial for AngularJS & NodeJS.
Our resource name is ready. Resource operations are simple CRUD. You can refer to the table below for an overview of the API.
| Resource Name | HTTP verb | HTTP method |
|---|---|---|
| article | Create article Update article Delete article View article |
POST /articles with Payload PUT /articles/123 with Payload DELETE /articles/123 GET /article/123 |
| Comment | Create comment Update comment Delete comment View comment
|
POST with payload /articles/123/comments PUT with payload /comments/123 Delete /comments/123 GET /comments/123 |
| user | Create user Update user Delete user View user |
POST /users with Payload PUT /users/123 with Payload DELETE /users/123 GET /users/123 |
在此项目中，我们将使用 NodeJS 和 Restify。资源将保存在 MongoDB 数据库中。首先，我们可以在Restify中将资源定义为模型。
var mongoose = require("mongoose");
var Schema = mongoose.Schema;
var ArticleSchema = new Schema({
title: String,
slug: String,
content: String,
author: {
type: String,
ref: "User"
}
});
mongoose.model('Article', ArticleSchema);
var mongoose = require("mongoose");
var Schema = mongoose.Schema;
var CommentSchema = new Schema({
text: String,
article: {
type: String,
ref: "Article"
},
author: {
type: String,
ref: "User"
}
});
mongoose.model('Comment', CommentSchema);
不会对用户资源进行任何操作。我们假设我们已经知道能够对文章或评论进行操作的当前用户。
您可能会问这个猫鼬模块来自哪里。它是作为 NodeJS 模块编写的最流行的 MongoDB ORM 框架。该模块包含在项目的另一个配置文件中。
现在我们可以为上述资源定义 HTTP 动词。您可以看到以下内容：
var restify = require('restify')
, fs = require('fs')
var controllers = {}
, controllers_path = process.cwd() + '/app/controllers'
fs.readdirSync(controllers_path).forEach(function (file) {
if (file.indexOf('.js') != -1) {
controllers[file.split('.')[0]] = require(controllers_path + '/' + file)
}
})
var server = restify.createServer();
server
.use(restify.fullResponse())
.use(restify.bodyParser())
// Article Start
server.post("/articles", controllers.article.createArticle)
server.put("/articles/:id", controllers.article.updateArticle)
server.del("/articles/:id", controllers.article.deleteArticle)
server.get({path: "/articles/:id", version: "1.0.0"}, controllers.article.viewArticle)
server.get({path: "/articles/:id", version: "2.0.0"}, controllers.article.viewArticle_v2)
// Article End
// Comment Start
server.post("/comments", controllers.comment.createComment)
server.put("/comments/:id", controllers.comment.viewComment)
server.del("/comments/:id", controllers.comment.deleteComment)
server.get("/comments/:id", controllers.comment.viewComment)
// Comment End
var port = process.env.PORT || 3000;
server.listen(port, function (err) {
if (err)
console.error(err)
else
console.log('App is ready at : ' + port)
})
if (process.env.environment == 'production')
process.on('uncaughtException', function (err) {
console.error(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(err, ['stack', 'message', 'inner'], 2)))
})
在此代码片段中，首先迭代包含控制器方法的所有控制器文件，并初始化所有控制器，以便执行对 URI 的特定请求。之后，为基本的CRUD操作定义了具体操作的URI。 Article 上的其中一项操作也有版本控制。
例如，如果您在 Accept-Version 标头中将版本声明为 2，则将执行 viewArticle_v2。 viewArticle 和 viewArticle_v2 都执行相同的工作，显示资源，但它们以不同的格式显示文章资源，正如您在 中看到的那样title 字段如下。最后，服务器在特定端口上启动，并应用一些错误报告检查。我们可以继续使用控制器方法对资源进行 HTTP 操作。
var mongoose = require('mongoose'),
Article = mongoose.model("Article"),
ObjectId = mongoose.Types.ObjectId
exports.createArticle = function(req, res, next) {
var articleModel = new Article(req.body);
articleModel.save(function(err, article) {
if (err) {
res.status(500);
res.json({
type: false,
data: "Error occured: " + err
})
} else {
res.json({
type: true,
data: article
})
}
})
}
exports.viewArticle = function(req, res, next) {
Article.findById(new ObjectId(req.params.id), function(err, article) {
if (err) {
res.status(500);
res.json({
type: false,
data: "Error occured: " + err
})
} else {
if (article) {
res.json({
type: true,
data: article
})
} else {
res.json({
type: false,
data: "Article: " + req.params.id + " not found"
})
}
}
})
}
exports.viewArticle_v2 = function(req, res, next) {
Article.findById(new ObjectId(req.params.id), function(err, article) {
if (err) {
res.status(500);
res.json({
type: false,
data: "Error occured: " + err
})
} else {
if (article) {
article.title = article.title + " v2"
res.json({
type: true,
data: article
})
} else {
res.json({
type: false,
data: "Article: " + req.params.id + " not found"
})
}
}
})
}
exports.updateArticle = function(req, res, next) {
var updatedArticleModel = new Article(req.body);
Article.findByIdAndUpdate(new ObjectId(req.params.id), updatedArticleModel, function(err, article) {
if (err) {
res.status(500);
res.json({
type: false,
data: "Error occured: " + err
})
} else {
if (article) {
res.json({
type: true,
data: article
})
} else {
res.json({
type: false,
data: "Article: " + req.params.id + " not found"
})
}
}
})
}
exports.deleteArticle = function(req, res, next) {
Article.findByIdAndRemove(new Object(req.params.id), function(err, article) {
if (err) {
res.status(500);
res.json({
type: false,
data: "Error occured: " + err
})
} else {
res.json({
type: true,
data: "Article: " + req.params.id + " deleted successfully"
})
}
})
}
您可以在下面找到 Mongoose 端基本 CRUD 操作的说明：
articleModel 的简单保存操作。可以通过将请求正文作为构造函数传递给模型来创建新模型，例如 vararticleModel = new Article(req.body)。 findOne 带有 ID 参数足以返回文章详细信息。save 命令将更新后的模型保存到数据库中。findByIdAndRemove 是通过提供文章 ID 来删除文章的最佳方法。上面提到的 Mongoose 命令只是通过 Article 对象进行静态方法，该对象也是 Mongoose 模式的引用。
var mongoose = require('mongoose'),
Comment = mongoose.model("Comment"),
Article = mongoose.model("Article"),
ObjectId = mongoose.Types.ObjectId
exports.viewComment = function(req, res) {
Article.findOne({"comments._id": new ObjectId(req.params.id)}, {"comments.$": 1}, function(err, comment) {
if (err) {
res.status(500);
res.json({
type: false,
data: "Error occured: " + err
})
} else {
if (comment) {
res.json({
type: true,
data: new Comment(comment.comments[0])
})
} else {
res.json({
type: false,
data: "Comment: " + req.params.id + " not found"
})
}
}
})
}
exports.updateComment = function(req, res, next) {
var updatedCommentModel = new Comment(req.body);
console.log(updatedCommentModel)
Article.update(
{"comments._id": new ObjectId(req.params.id)},
{"$set": {"comments.$.text": updatedCommentModel.text, "comments.$.author": updatedCommentModel.author}},
function(err) {
if (err) {
res.status(500);
res.json({
type: false,
data: "Error occured: " + err
})
} else {
res.json({
type: true,
data: "Comment: " + req.params.id + " updated"
})
}
})
}
exports.deleteComment = function(req, res, next) {
Article.findOneAndUpdate({"comments._id": new ObjectId(req.params.id)},
{"$pull": {"comments": {"_id": new ObjectId(req.params.id)}}},
function(err, article) {
if (err) {
res.status(500);
res.json({
type: false,
data: "Error occured: " + err
})
} else {
if (article) {
res.json({
type: true,
data: article
})
} else {
res.json({
type: false,
data: "Comment: " + req.params.id + " not found"
})
}
}
})
}
当您向某个资源 URI 发出请求时，控制器中声明的相关函数将被执行。控制器文件中的每个函数都可以使用 req 和 res 对象。这里的评论资源是文章的子资源。 所有的查询操作都是通过Article模型进行的，以便找到子文档并进行必要的更新。但是，每当您尝试查看 Comment 资源时，即使 MongoDB 中没有集合，您也会看到一个 Comment 资源。
/articles/123 （好），/articles?id=123（差）。最后，如果您按照这些基本规则设计 RESTful API，您将始终拥有一个灵活、可维护、易于理解的系统。
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