A great guide to learning to develop PHP7/8 extensions in C++

An excellent guide to learning to use C to develop PHP7/8 extensions

Introduction:
With the development of the Internet, PHP has become a popular server-side script Language, widely used in the field of web development. However, PHP often encounters performance bottlenecks when processing large-scale data and complex business logic. To overcome this problem, we can use C to develop PHP extensions to improve the performance and scalability of PHP applications. This article will introduce how to learn to use C to develop PHP7/8 extensions, including the basic structure of the extension, function registration, parameter passing, and sample code.

1. The basic structure of the extension:
Before we start, we need to understand the basic structure of the PHP extension. A PHP extension is written in C/C and integrated into PHP in the form of a dynamic link library. A basic PHP extension contains the following common parts:

1. php.h file: This is the main header file of PHP and contains many macro and function declarations required for PHP extension development.
2. config.m4 file: This is an Autoconf configuration file used to generate extended configure scripts.
3. ext_skeleton.c file: This is an extended main file, including extended startup functions and functional functions.
4. php_.h file: This is the header file of the extension, which contains the function declaration and data structure of the extension.
5. php_.c file: This is the source file of the extension and contains the specific implementation of the extension.

2. Registration of functions:
When developing PHP extensions, we need to register C functions into the PHP function list so that they can be called in PHP scripts. In the extended startup function, we use the registration function provided by PHP to register the extended function.

The following is a simple example showing how to register a function named hello_world in a PHP extension:

/* hello_world函数的实现 */
PHP_FUNCTION(hello_world) {
    php_printf("Hello, World!
");
}

/* 扩展的启动函数 */
PHP_MINIT_FUNCTION(hello) {
    /* 注册hello_world函数 */
    REGISTER_STRINGL_CONSTANT("hello_world", "world", sizeof("world")-1, CONST_PERSISTENT | CONST_CS);
}

/* 注册扩展的函数列表 */
zend_function_entry hello_functions[] = {
    PHP_FE(hello_world, NULL)
    {NULL, NULL, NULL}
};

/* 定义扩展的入口 */
zend_module_entry hello_module_entry = {
    STANDARD_MODULE_HEADER,
    "hello",
    hello_functions,
    PHP_MINIT(hello),
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NO_VERSION_YET,
    STANDARD_MODULE_PROPERTIES
};

/* 在扩展中使用ZEND_GET_MODULE宏来导出扩展的入口 */
ZEND_GET_MODULE(hello)

3. Parameter passing:
When developing PHP extensions, we usually need to deal with the parameters passed to the extension functions by the PHP script. We can use the ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START and ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END macros to parse the parameters and check their types.

The following is an example that shows how to accept an integer parameter in a PHP extension and return its squared value:

/* 定义php_squre函数 */
PHP_FUNCTION(square) {
    zend_long num;

    /* 解析参数并检查类型 */
    ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
        Z_PARAM_LONG(num)
    ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

    /* 计算平方值并返回结果 */
    RETURN_LONG(num * num);
}

/* 注册扩展的函数列表 */
zend_function_entry math_functions[] = {
    PHP_FE(square, NULL)
    {NULL, NULL, NULL}
};

/* 定义扩展的入口 */
zend_module_entry math_module_entry = {
    STANDARD_MODULE_HEADER,
    "math",
    math_functions,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NO_VERSION_YET,
    STANDARD_MODULE_PROPERTIES
};

/* 在扩展中使用ZEND_GET_MODULE宏来导出扩展的入口 */
ZEND_GET_MODULE(math)

4. Sample code:
The following is a sample code, Shows a simple PHP extension that can calculate the nth number in the Fibonacci sequence:

#include "php.h"

PHP_FUNCTION(fibonacci) {
    zend_long n;

    ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_START(1, 1)
        Z_PARAM_LONG(n)
    ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS_END();

    zend_long a = 0, b = 1;

    for (zend_long i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        zend_long temp = a + b;
        a = b;
        b = temp;
    }

    RETURN_LONG(a);
}

zend_function_entry fibonacci_functions[] = {
    PHP_FE(fibonacci, NULL)
    {NULL, NULL, NULL}
};

zend_module_entry fibonacci_module_entry = {
    STANDARD_MODULE_HEADER,
    "fibonacci",
    fibonacci_functions,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NO_VERSION_YET,
    STANDARD_MODULE_PROPERTIES
};

ZEND_GET_MODULE(fibonacci)

Summary:
This article introduces how to learn the basics of developing PHP7/8 extensions using C Guide, including the basic structure of extensions, registration of functions, passing parameters, and sample code. Through learning and practice, we can better utilize the power of C to improve the performance and scalability of PHP applications. I hope this article can help readers better master the skills of developing PHP extensions in C, thereby improving their development capabilities.

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