MySQL中三种关联查询方式的简单比较_MySQL
看看下面三个关联查询的 SQL 语句有何区别?
SELECT * FROM film JOIN film_actor ON (film.film_id = film_actor.film_id) SELECT * FROM film JOIN film_actor USING (film_id) SELECT * FROM film, film_actor WHERE film.film_id = film_actor.film_id
最大的不同更多是语法糖,但有一些有意思的东西值得关注。
为了方便区别,我们将前两种写法称作是 ANSI 风格,第三种称为 Theta 风格。
Theta 风格
在 FROM 短语中列出了关联的表名,而 WHERE 短语则指定如何关联。
这种写法被认为是古老的方式,有些时候比较难以理解,请看下面查询:
SELECT * FROM film, film_actor WHERE film.film_id = film_actor.film_id AND actor_id = 17 AND film.length > 120
上述查询列出片长超过 120 分钟的电影,其中包括演员编号是 17 的条件。别在意查询结果,查询本身如何呢?WHERE 表达式中包含三个条件,要看出哪个条件是关联,哪个条件是过滤还是稍费点事的。不过还是相对简单的,但如果是 5 个表,20 多个条件呢?
ANSI 风格: ON
使用 JOIN ... ON 可以将表关联的条件和记录过滤条件分开,将上面的语句重写后的结果如下:
SELECT * FROM film JOIN film_actor ON (film.film_id = film_actor.film_id) WHERE actor_id = 17 AND film.length > 120
看起来清晰许多。
注意: ON 语句中的括号不是必须的,我个人喜欢这样写而已。
ANSI 风格: USING
有一种特殊情况,当两个要关联表的字段名是一样的,我们可以使用 USING ,可减少 SQL 语句的长度:
SELECT * FROM film JOIN film_actor USING (film_id) WHERE actor_id = 17 AND film.length > 120
这个时候括号就是必须的了。这种写法很好,输入更少的单词,查询的性能也非常棒,但还需要注意一些差异。
USING 和 ON
下面语句是可行的:
SELECT film.title, film_id FROM film JOIN film_actor USING (film_id) WHERE actor_id = 17 AND film.length > 120;
但下面这个就不行:
SELECT film.title, film_id FROM film JOIN film_actor ON (film.film_id = film_actor.film_id) WHERE actor_id = 17 AND film.length > 120;ERROR 1052 (23000): Column 'film_id' in field list is ambiguous
因为 USING "知道" film_id 字段在两个表中都有,所以没有指定确切的表都没关系,两个值必须一致就是。
ON 就没那么智能,你必须指明要关联的表和字段名。
上面两个实际的结果是比较有趣的,当使用 USING 时,字段只在结果中出现一次:
SELECT * FROM film JOIN film_actor USING (film_id) WHERE actor_id = 17 AND film.length > 120 LIMIT 1\G *************************** 1. row *************************** film_id: 96 title: BREAKING HOME description: A Beautiful Display of a Secret Agent And a Monkey who must Battle a Sumo Wrestler in An Abandoned Mine Shaft release_year: 2006 language_id: 1 original_language_id: NULL rental_duration: 4 rental_rate: 2.99 length: 169 replacement_cost: 21.99 rating: PG-13 special_features: Trailers,Commentaries last_update: 2006-02-15 05:03:42 actor_id: 17 last_update: 2006-02-15 05:05:03
而使用 ON 时,字段就会出现两次:
SELECT * FROM film JOIN film_actor ON film.film_id = film_actor.film_id WHERE actor_id = 17 AND film.length > 120 LIMIT 1\G *************************** 1. row *************************** film_id: 96 title: BREAKING HOME description: A Beautiful Display of a Secret Agent And a Monkey who must Battle a Sumo Wrestler in An Abandoned Mine Shaft release_year: 2006 language_id: 1 original_language_id: NULL rental_duration: 4 rental_rate: 2.99 length: 169 replacement_cost: 21.99 rating: PG-13 special_features: Trailers,Commentaries last_update: 2006-02-15 05:03:42 actor_id: 17 film_id: 96 last_update: 2006-02-15 05:05:03
幕后
MySQL 对两者的处理方式是相同的,使用 EXPLAIN EXTENDED 我们可以看到:
EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT film.title, film_id FROM film JOIN film_actor USING (film_id) WHERE actor_id = 17 AND film.length > 120\G *************************** 1. row *************************** ... 2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec) root@mysql-5.1.51> SHOW WARNINGS\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Level: Note Code: 1003 Message: select `sakila`.`film`.`title` AS `title`,`sakila`.`film`.`film_id` AS `film_id` from `sakila`.`film` join `sakila`.`film_actor` where ( (`sakila`.`film`.`film_id` = `sakila`.`film_actor`.`film_id`) and (`sakila`.`film_actor`.`actor_id` = 17) and (`sakila`.`film`.`length` > 120) )
最终所有的查询都被转成了 Theta 风格。
译者:就是说这三种方式除了写法不同外,没什么区别。

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