Home Database Mysql Tutorial 浅谈MyISAM 和 InnoDB 的区别与优化_MySQL

浅谈MyISAM 和 InnoDB 的区别与优化_MySQL

Jun 01, 2016 pm 12:59 PM
innodb myisam

MyISAM 和 InnoDB 的基本区别

1.InnoDB不支持FULLTEXT类型的索引。

2.InnoDB 中不保存表的具体行数,也就是说,执行select count(*) from table时,InnoDB要扫描一遍整个表来计算有多少行,但是MyISAM只要简单的读出保存好的行数即可。注意的是,当count(*)语句包含 where条件时,两种表的操作是一样的。

3.对于AUTO_INCREMENT类型的字段,InnoDB中必须包含只有该字段的索引,但是在MyISAM表中,可以和其他字段一起建立联合索引。

4.DELETE FROM table时,InnoDB不会重新建立表,而是一行一行的删除。MyISAM 是表所 innodb是行锁

5.LOAD TABLE FROM MASTER(从主负载表)操作对InnoDB是不起作用的,解决方法是首先把InnoDB表改成MyISAM表,导入数据后再改成InnoDB表,但是对于使用的额外的InnoDB特性(例如外键)的表不适用。

另外,InnoDB表的行锁也不是绝对的,如果在执行一个SQL语句时MySQL不能确定要扫描的范围,InnoDB表同样会锁全表,例如update table set num=1 where name like “"2%”

6.InnoDB 支持事物

选择存储引擎 根据实际情况选择。

一般情况下如果查询多建议使用myIsam 。

如果你需要事务处理或是外键,那么InnoDB 可能是比较好的方式。

MyISAM和InnoDB优化:

  key_buffer_size - 这对MyISAM表来说非常重要。如果只是使用MyISAM表,可以把它设置为可用内存的 30-40%。合理的值取决于索引大小、数据量以及负载 -- 记住,MyISAM表会使用操作系统的缓存来缓存数据,因此需要留出部分内存给它们,很多情况下数据比索引大多了。尽管如此,需要总是检查是否所有的 key_buffer 都被利用了 -- .MYI 文件只有 1GB,而 key_buffer 却设置为 4GB 的情况是非常少的。这么做太浪费了。如果你很少使用MyISAM表,那么也保留低于 16-32MB 的 key_buffer_size 以适应给予磁盘的临时表索引所需。

  innodb_buffer_pool_size - 这对Innodb表来说非常重要。Innodb相比MyISAM表对缓冲更为敏感。MyISAM可以在默认的 key_buffer_size 设置下运行的可以,然而Innodb在默认的innodb_buffer_pool_size 设置下却跟蜗牛似的。由于Innodb把数据和索引都缓存起来,无需留给操作系统太多的内存,因此如果只需要用Innodb的话则可以设置它高达 70-80% 的可用内存。一些应用于 key_buffer 的规则有 -- 如果你的数据量不大,并且不会暴增,那么无需把innodb_additional_pool_size - 这个选项对性能影响并不太多,至少在有差不多足够内存可分配的操作系统上是这样。不过如果你仍然想设置为 20MB(或者更大),因此就需要看一下Innodb其他需要分配的内存有多少。

       innodb_log_file_size 在高写入负载尤其是大数据集的情况下很重要。这个值越大则性能相对越高,但是要注意到可能会增加恢复时间。我经常设置为 64-512MB,跟据服务器大小而异。

      innodb_log_buffer_size 默认的设置在中等强度写入负载以及较短事务的情况下,服务器性能还可以。如果存在更新操作峰值或者负载较大,就应该考虑加大它的值了。如果它的值设置太高了,可能会浪费内存 -- 它每秒都会刷新一次,因此无需设置超过1秒所需的内存空间。通常 8-16MB 就足够了。越小的系统它的值越小。

      innodb_flush_logs_at_trx_commit 是否为Innodb比MyISAM慢1000倍而头大?看来也许你忘了修改这个参数了。默认值是 1,这意味着每次提交的更新事务(或者每个事务之外的语句)都会刷新到磁盘中,而这相当耗费资源,尤其是没有电池备用缓存时。很多应用程序,尤其是从 MyISAM转变过来的那些,把它的值设置为 2 就可以了,也就是不把日志刷新到磁盘上,而只刷新到操作系统的缓存上。日志仍然会每秒刷新到磁盘中去,因此通常不会丢失每秒1-2次更新的消耗。如果设置为 0 就快很多了,不过也相对不安全了 -- MySQL服务器崩溃时就会丢失一些事务。设置为 2 指挥丢失刷新到操作系统缓存的那部分事务。

      table_cache -- 打开一个表的开销可能很大。例如MyISAM把MYI文件头标志该表正在使用中。你肯定不希望这种操作太频繁,所以通常要加大缓存数量,使得足以最大限度地缓存打开的表。它需要用到操作系统的资源以及内存,对当前的硬件配置来说当然不是什么问题了。如果你有200多个表的话,那么设置为 1024 也许比较合适(每个线程都需要打开表),如果连接数比较大那么就加大它的值。我曾经见过设置为 100,000 的情况。

      thread_cache -- 线程的创建和销毁的开销可能很大,因为每个线程的连接/断开都需要。我通常至少设置为 16。如果应用程序中有大量的跳跃并发连接并且 Threads_Created 的值也比较大,那么我就会加大它的值。它的目的是在通常的操作中无需创建新线程。

      query_cache -- 如果你的应用程序有大量读,而且没有应用程序级别的缓存,那么这很有用。不要把它设置太大了,因为想要维护它也需要不少开销,这会导致MySQL变慢。通常设置为 32-512Mb。设置完之后最好是跟踪一段时间,查看是否运行良好。在一定的负载压力下,如果缓存命中率太低了,就启用它。

      sort_buffer_size --如果你只有一些简单的查询,那么就无需增加它的值了,尽管你有64GB 的内存。搞不好也许会降低性能

优化MYSQL数据库的方法:

1,选取最适用的字段属性,尽可能减少定义字段长度,尽量把字段设置NOT NULL,例如'省份,性别',最好设置为ENUM

2,使用join代替子查询

3,使用联合(UNION)来代替手动创建的临时表

4,事务处理(保证数据完整性,例如添加和修改同时,两者成立则都执行,一者失败都失败)

5,适当建立索引(如何建立索引?索引的利与弊?)

6,优化sql语句

7,explain可以看到mysql执行计划

8,分表(垂直分表,水平分表?)

以上所述就是本文的全部内容了,希望大家能够喜欢。

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