Golang development notes: How to implement effective concurrency control and synchronization

Golang, as a programming language with strong concurrency characteristics, was originally designed to solve the problem of large-scale concurrent systems. In daily development, we often encounter situations where concurrency control and synchronization are required, otherwise it will easily lead to problems such as race conditions and deadlocks. Therefore, understanding how to perform effective concurrency control and synchronization is an important skill that every Golang developer must master.

Below I will introduce the concurrency control and synchronization technology in Golang from three aspects: mutex locks, read-write locks and channels, and give precautions and best practices for each aspect.

1. Mutex (Mutex):
   Mutex is the most basic concurrency control tool. It protects the critical section code through locks and ensures that only one coroutine can enter the critical section at the same time.

Note:

• Give priority to using sync.Mutex when instantiating a mutex, avoid using new(sync.Mutex) .
• Use defer in the critical section code to ensure the execution of unlocking.
• Avoid excessive use of mutex locks. Too many locks will cause performance degradation.

Best practice:

• Limit the critical section code to the smallest scope as much as possible to reduce the chance of lock competition.
• Try to reduce the lock holding time and avoid excessive lock granularity.
• If you need to execute multiple tasks concurrently, you can consider using sync.WaitGroup to manage the synchronization of coroutines.

2. Read-write lock (RWMutex):
   Read-write lock is a lock mechanism optimized for scenarios where there is more reading and less writing. It can allow multiple coroutines to perform reading operations at the same time. But only one coroutine is allowed to perform write operations.

Note:

• For situations where there is more reading and less writing, read-write locks should be preferred over mutex locks.
• A read lock must be acquired before a read operation, and a write lock must be acquired before a write operation.
• Do not acquire a write lock while holding a read lock, as this may cause deadlock.

Best practice:

• Try to separate read operations from write operations to avoid reading and writing locks sharing critical resources.
• When optimizing concurrent performance, you can appropriately increase the chance of concurrent reading.

3. Channel:
   Channel is the mechanism used to implement communication between coroutines in Golang. Data can be transferred between coroutines through channels to achieve data sharing and synchronization. .

Notes:

• Clear the type and capacity of the channel to avoid deadlock or blocking.
• Use close to close the channel to notify the receiver that the channel has completed the task.
• If the channel is only used to transmit signals and not specific data, you can use an empty structure struct{} as the channel element type.

Best Practices:

• Use buffered channels to avoid performance issues caused by blocking send or receive operations.
• Use select to handle the synchronization and timeout mechanism of multiple channels to avoid blocking.

Summary:
Concurrency control and synchronization are an essential part of Golang development. Proper use of mutex locks, read-write locks, and channels can effectively solve problems such as race conditions and deadlocks, and improve the performance and stability of concurrent programs. Paying attention to the above precautions and best practices can help developers better control and synchronize concurrency, and improve system reliability and responsiveness.

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