Home Database Mysql Tutorial 通过实例认识MySQL中前缀索引的用法_MySQL

通过实例认识MySQL中前缀索引的用法_MySQL

Jun 01, 2016 pm 01:00 PM
mysql

今天在测试环境中加一个索引时候发现一警告

root@test 07:57:52>alter table article drop index ind_article_url;
Query OK, 144384 rows affected (16.29 sec)
Records: 144384 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
root@test 07:58:40>alter table article add index ind_article_url(url);
Query OK, 144384 rows affected, 1 warning (19.52 sec)
Records: 144384 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
root@test 07:59:23>show warnings;
+———+——+———————————————————+
| Level  | Code | Message                         |
+———+——+———————————————————+
| Warning | 1071 | Specified key was too long; max key length is 767 bytes |
+———+——+———————————————————+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Copy after login

用show create table article查看索引以及表结构的信息:

`URL` varchar(512) default NULL COMMENT ‘外链url',
……
KEY `ind_article_url` (`URL`(383))
…..
DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk
……
drop table test;
create table test(test varchar(767) primary key)charset=latin5;
Copy after login

– 成功
接下来未测试,在不同的字符集:

drop table test;
create table test(test varchar(768) primary key)charset=latin5;
Copy after login

– 错误

ERROR 1071 (42000): Specified key was too long; max key length is 767 bytes
drop table test;
create table test(test varchar(383) primary key)charset=GBK;
Copy after login

– 成功

drop table test;
create table test(test varchar(384) primary key)charset=GBK;
Copy after login

– 错误

 ERROR 1071 (42000): Specified key was too long; max key length is 767 bytes
drop table test;
create table test(test varchar(255) primary key)charset=UTF8;
Copy after login

– 成功

drop table test;
create table test(test varchar(256) primary key)charset=UTF8;
Copy after login

– 错误

ERROR 1071 (42000): Specified key was too long; max key length is 767 bytes
Copy after login

MySQL的varchar索引只支持不超过768个字节 或者 768/2=384个双字节 或者 768/3=256个三字节的字段
而 GBK是双字节的,UTF-8是三字节的。
那么上面出现的原因就明了,我的字符集是为GBK为双字节,而url为512个字符,1024个字节,所以超过字符串索引的限制,报出了警告,mysql默认创建了383(766字节)长度的前缀索引。
我们知道小的索引大小不仅对空间存储,内存的降低和性能的提升有重大作用,那么在计算前缀索引的长度的时候,需要我们做出明智的选择,怎么明智?
全索引列的选择性:

root@test 08:10:35>select count(distinct(url))/count(*) from article;
+——————————-+
| count(distinct(url))/count(*) |
+——————————-+
|            0.0750 |
+——————————-+
Copy after login

对各种长度的前缀列计算其选择性:

root@test 08:16:41>select count(distinct left(url,76))/count(*) url_76,
-> count(distinct left(url,77))/count(*) url_77,
-> count(distinct left(url,78))/count(*) url_78,
-> count(distinct left(url,79))/count(*) url_79,
-> count(distinct left(url,80))/count(*) url_80,
-> count(distinct left(url,81))/count(*) url_81,
-> count(distinct left(url,82))/count(*) url_82,
-> count(distinct left(url,83))/count(*) url_83,
-> count(distinct left(url,84))/count(*) url_84,
-> count(distinct left(url,85))/count(*) url_85
-> from article;
+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+
| url_76 | url_77 | url_78 | url_79 | url_80 | url_81 | url_82 | url_83 | url_84 | url_85 |
+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+
| 0.0747 | 0.0748 | 0.0749 | 0.0749 | 0.0749 | 0.0749 | 0.0749 | 0.0749 | 0.0749 | 0.0750 |
+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+——–+
1 row in set (1.82 sec)
Copy after login

我们看到选择85的长度的时候,该前缀列的选择性和全列的选择性相当了:
alter table article add index ind_article_url(url(85)),而不必选择383个字节作为前缀;
但是前缀索引还是有一点不足的地方,就是在查询语句中order by 和group by不能使用到前缀索引

root@test 08:49:24>explain select id,url,deleted from article group by url;
+—-+————-+————-+——+—————+——+———+——+——–+———————————+
| id | select_type | table    | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows  | Extra              |
+—-+————-+————-+——+—————+——+———+——+——–+———————————+
| 1 | SIMPLE   | article | ALL | NULL     | NULL | NULL  | NULL | 139844 | Using temporary; Using filesort |
+—-+————-+————-+——+—————+——+———+——+——–+———————————+
1 row in set (0.00 sec);
Copy after login

Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator

AI Hentai Generator

Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

R.E.P.O. Energy Crystals Explained and What They Do (Yellow Crystal)
2 weeks ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. Best Graphic Settings
2 weeks ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1

Notepad++7.3.1

Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6

Dreamweaver CS6

Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

PHP's big data structure processing skills PHP's big data structure processing skills May 08, 2024 am 10:24 AM

Big data structure processing skills: Chunking: Break down the data set and process it in chunks to reduce memory consumption. Generator: Generate data items one by one without loading the entire data set, suitable for unlimited data sets. Streaming: Read files or query results line by line, suitable for large files or remote data. External storage: For very large data sets, store the data in a database or NoSQL.

How to use MySQL backup and restore in PHP? How to use MySQL backup and restore in PHP? Jun 03, 2024 pm 12:19 PM

Backing up and restoring a MySQL database in PHP can be achieved by following these steps: Back up the database: Use the mysqldump command to dump the database into a SQL file. Restore database: Use the mysql command to restore the database from SQL files.

How to optimize MySQL query performance in PHP? How to optimize MySQL query performance in PHP? Jun 03, 2024 pm 08:11 PM

MySQL query performance can be optimized by building indexes that reduce lookup time from linear complexity to logarithmic complexity. Use PreparedStatements to prevent SQL injection and improve query performance. Limit query results and reduce the amount of data processed by the server. Optimize join queries, including using appropriate join types, creating indexes, and considering using subqueries. Analyze queries to identify bottlenecks; use caching to reduce database load; optimize PHP code to minimize overhead.

How to insert data into a MySQL table using PHP? How to insert data into a MySQL table using PHP? Jun 02, 2024 pm 02:26 PM

How to insert data into MySQL table? Connect to the database: Use mysqli to establish a connection to the database. Prepare the SQL query: Write an INSERT statement to specify the columns and values ​​to be inserted. Execute query: Use the query() method to execute the insertion query. If successful, a confirmation message will be output.

How to use MySQL stored procedures in PHP? How to use MySQL stored procedures in PHP? Jun 02, 2024 pm 02:13 PM

To use MySQL stored procedures in PHP: Use PDO or the MySQLi extension to connect to a MySQL database. Prepare the statement to call the stored procedure. Execute the stored procedure. Process the result set (if the stored procedure returns results). Close the database connection.

How to create a MySQL table using PHP? How to create a MySQL table using PHP? Jun 04, 2024 pm 01:57 PM

Creating a MySQL table using PHP requires the following steps: Connect to the database. Create the database if it does not exist. Select a database. Create table. Execute the query. Close the connection.

How to fix mysql_native_password not loaded errors on MySQL 8.4 How to fix mysql_native_password not loaded errors on MySQL 8.4 Dec 09, 2024 am 11:42 AM

One of the major changes introduced in MySQL 8.4 (the latest LTS release as of 2024) is that the "MySQL Native Password" plugin is no longer enabled by default. Further, MySQL 9.0 removes this plugin completely. This change affects PHP and other app

The difference between oracle database and mysql The difference between oracle database and mysql May 10, 2024 am 01:54 AM

Oracle database and MySQL are both databases based on the relational model, but Oracle is superior in terms of compatibility, scalability, data types and security; while MySQL focuses on speed and flexibility and is more suitable for small to medium-sized data sets. . ① Oracle provides a wide range of data types, ② provides advanced security features, ③ is suitable for enterprise-level applications; ① MySQL supports NoSQL data types, ② has fewer security measures, and ③ is suitable for small to medium-sized applications.

See all articles