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When does static relocation occur?

Dec 28, 2023 am 11:26 AM
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When does static relocation occur?

静态重定位是计算机编程中的一个重要概念,它指的是在程序加载时,将程序中的符号(函数名、全局变量等)绑定到实际的内存地址上的过程。在编译器完成编译后,生成的可执行文件中存储了程序的二进制代码和相关的符号信息。而静态重定位则是在程序运行之前,根据实际的内存布局,将这些符号绑定到正确的内存地址上,以确保程序在执行时能够正确地访问这些符号所在的内存位置。

静态重定位通常在操作系统加载可执行文件时发生。当一个可执行文件被加载到内存中时,操作系统会解析可执行文件的结构,将程序的代码段和数据段等内容放置在合适的内存地址上。同时,操作系统也会查找并解析可执行文件中存储的符号表,将其中的符号与内存中的地址进行绑定。

下面以一个简单的C语言程序为例,来具体说明静态重定位的过程。假设我们有以下的C语言程序,保存为example.c文件:

#include <stdio.h>

int globalVar = 10;

void func() {
    printf("Hello, world!
");
}

int main() {
    func();
    printf("The value of globalVar is: %d
", globalVar);
    return 0;
}
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我们可以通过GCC编译器将其编译为可执行文件。打开终端,进入文件所在的目录,输入以下命令:

gcc -o example example.c
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编译完成后,我们得到了一个名为example的可执行文件。这个可执行文件中包含了程序的二进制代码以及相关的符号信息。

接下来,我们通过objdump命令查看这个可执行文件的内容,输入以下命令:

objdump -d example
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运行后可以看到类似以下的输出:

...
0804860d <func>:
 804860d:       55                      push   %ebp
 804860e:       89 e5                   mov    %esp,%ebp
 8048610:       83 ec 10                sub    $0x10,%esp
 8048613:       c7 04 24 20 87 04 08    movl   $0x8048720,(%esp)
 804861a:       e8 d1 fe ff ff          call   80484f0 <puts@plt>
 804861f:       c9                      leave
 8048620:       c3                      ret

08048621 <main>:
 8048621:       55                      push   %ebp
 8048622:       89 e5                   mov    %esp,%ebp
 8048624:       83 ec 10                sub    $0x10,%esp
 8048627:       e8 e1 ff ff ff          call   804860d <func>
 804862c:       8d 05 fc ff ff ff       lea    -0x4(%ebp),%eax
 8048632:       8b 00                   mov    (%eax),%eax
 8048634:       50                      push   %eax
 8048635:       8d 45 f4                lea    -0xc(%ebp),%eax
 8048638:       50                      push   %eax
 8048639:       68 00 88 04 08          push   $0x8048800
 804863e:       e8 7d fe ff ff          call   804841e <printf@plt>
 8048643:       83 c4 10                add    $0x10,%esp
 8048646:       b8 00 00 00 00          mov    $0x0,%eax
 804864b:       c9                      leave
 804864c:       c3                      ret
...
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上述代码是通过objdump生成的可执行文件的汇编代码。在这段汇编代码中,我们可以看到func函数和main函数的定义和具体实现。在main函数内部,有一行代码call 804860d <func></func>,这表示程序会调用func函数。而在func函数的开头也有一行代码movl $0x8048720,(%esp),这表示程序将$0x8048720的值存储到栈顶。

现在我们来分析一下这里的符号和地址的关系。在main函数中,我们需要调用func函数,而func函数的地址是0x0804860d,这个地址是与机器码相关的实际内存地址。在这个例子中,静态重定位的过程就是将call指令中的804860d换成实际的内存地址0x0804860d的过程。

运行可执行文件时,操作系统会读取这个可执行文件,将其加载到内存中。在这个过程中,操作系统会找到程序中的符号和这些符号对应的内存地址,将程序与库函数进行链接,最终生成一个可执行的进程。通过这个过程,静态重定位完成,符号与内存地址之间建立了正确的映射关系。

总的来说,静态重定位是计算机程序在加载和运行时的重要步骤。它的目的是为了确保程序能够正确地访问需要的符号,并将其绑定到正确的内存地址上。通过这个过程,程序能够在运行时正常执行,实现预期的功能。

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