1. Planned cost = quantity of materials issued * planned unit price
In order to help everyone understand better, let’s take a look at the specific steps of solving the puzzle. First, we need to carefully observe the hints and clues in the puzzle. Second, we can try to combine and arrange different elements to find possible solutions. At the same time, we can also try to discuss and think with other players to get more inspiration and ideas. at last,
3. The calculation formula for the cost difference amount is: the planned cost of issued materials multiplied by the material cost difference rate. Players are asked to calculate the cost difference based on this formula to help you solve the puzzle.
4. Material cost variance rate = variance amount/planned cost
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Practical Application
Development of planned costs
Planned costing method
Proper formulation of planned costs will not only help enterprises assess the performance of the procurement department, mobilize their enthusiasm, and encourage them to reduce procurement costs and save expenses; it will also help the financial department formulate assessment standards and analyze the reasons for the increase or decrease in procurement costs. Provide useful financial information for leadership decision-making. The planned cost is generally formulated by the enterprise's purchasing department in conjunction with finance and other relevant departments, including the purchase price, transportation and miscellaneous charges, and relevant taxes that should be included in the cost, etc., so as to be close to the actual cost. At the beginning of each year, the purchasing department, together with finance and other relevant departments, compiles a material plan cost catalog based on material categories, varieties, and specifications. If the planned cost of some varieties and specifications of materials is significantly different from the actual cost, the specific reasons for the difference should be analyzed, and then the planned costs of inappropriate varieties and specifications of materials should be revised to make them consistent with reality, so as to facilitate the implementation of the planned costs.
Determination of Material Cost Variance Rate
1. Determine the material cost variance rate. The material cost difference rate should be determined based on the principle of importance and the principle of cost-effectiveness, and for the enterprise's bulk raw materials and high-value raw materials, respectively by category and use. For example, ores should be classified as raw ore, concentrate, powdered ore, lump ore, etc., and coal should be classified as coking coal, anthracite, lean coal, etc. The cost difference rate should be determined respectively; in the procurement, sale and production of materials, the cost difference rate should be allocated according to their respective cost difference rates. Material cost difference; for low-value and consumable materials, the cost difference rate can be determined based on the comprehensive difference rate. In this way, it can be simplified
The workload of financial accounting does not affect the accuracy of cost calculation.
2. When determining the cost difference rate, you need to pay attention to the principle of proportionality. According to the current financial accounting system, for materials issued, except for materials entrusted to external processing, which can be calculated according to the difference rate of the previous month, in other cases, the actual difference rate of the current month should be used. Whether you use the actual cost difference rate of the current month or the cost difference rate of the previous month, you must pay attention to the principle of proportionality when calculating.
Financial processing at the end of the month when the materials have arrived but the invoice has not arrived:
The current financial accounting system stipulates that at the end of the month, if the goods have arrived but the invoice has not arrived, its financial processing will be recorded according to the planned cost or the actual cost estimate, debit the raw materials, and credit the accounts payable - the estimated amount payable . Regardless of whether it is recorded as planned cost or actual cost estimate, taxes that are not included in the cost are not included. Because the components of planned cost or actual cost are the same, including material price, transportation and related taxes, etc. At the end of the month, if the company has a large amount of tentatively estimated materials, the company cannot truly reflect its financial status. Therefore, enterprises should follow the principles of importance, prudence and cost-effectiveness and conduct financial processing based on the situation where the goods have arrived but the invoice has not arrived at the end of the month.
1. Financial processing at the end of the month and quarter. Financial accounting statements at the end of the month and quarter are generally not submitted to the outside world, and do not require auditing by an accounting firm. According to the above principles, they can be treated in a simplified manner, debiting raw materials and crediting accounts payable - the provisional estimated amount payable. The accounting statements, that is, the balance sheet, are not presented, and the notes to the accounting statements are not disclosed.
2. Financial processing at the end of half a year and at the end of the year. The accounting statements at the end of half a year and the end of the year must be submitted to the outside world and audited by an accounting firm. Considering the principle of importance and prudence, if there is a large amount of tentatively estimated materials at the end of the half year or the year-end, the accounting treatment should be debited to raw materials (planned cost or actual cost), deferred tax - tentative input tax ( The price is calculated at 17% or 13% and transportation and miscellaneous charges are calculated at 7%), and credited to accounts payable - the tentative estimated amount payable. This treatment includes the tax part of the material that is not included in the cost,
3. The prudence principle is reflected in accounts payable and listed in the balance sheet, and a column is added under deferred tax. Among them, the provisional estimated input tax amount is disclosed in the notes to the accounting statements, and the reasons, time and estimated amount of the goods that have arrived but not the invoice are disclosed; if not disclosed in the notes to the accounting statements, it will affect the users of the accounting statements to misunderstand the accounting statements.
The calculation methods are:
1. The most commonly used method is: purchase-sales spread rate method
The calculation formula of the commodity purchase-sales spread rate is as follows: Purchase-sales spread rate = (Beginning inventory commodity purchase-sales difference, commodity purchase-sales difference occurring in the current period)/(Beginning inventory commodity selling price, commodity selling price occurring in the current period). This formula can help us calculate the price difference between the purchase and sale of goods.
*100%
The formula for calculating the purchase-sales spread that should be allocated to the goods sold in the current period is: the sales revenue of the current period multiplied by the purchase-sales spread rate. This formula can help us calculate the purchase and sale price difference in product sales and make a reasonable allocation.
Let’s take a look at how to solve the puzzle to help those players who haven’t passed the level yet. Specifically, the actual cost of the goods sold in the current period can be calculated by the following formula: the sales revenue of the goods in the current period minus the purchase-sales price difference that should be allocated to the goods sold in the current period. This formula can help us determine the actual cost of goods to better manage and analyze sales. Hope this analysis can help
In order to calculate the purchase price of goods in inventory at the end of the period, we can use the following formula: Purchase price of goods in inventory at the end of the period = Purchase price of goods in inventory at the beginning of the period Purchase price of goods purchased in this period - Actual cost of goods sold in this period This formula can help us determine the purchase price of goods in inventory at the end of the period, ensuring that we can accurately calculate and manage inventory.
For example: The purchase cost of the goods in stock at the beginning of July 2006 in a shopping mall was 100,000 yuan, and the total selling price was 110,000 yuan. The purchase cost of the goods purchased by the company this month was 75,000 yuan, and the total selling price was 90,000. Yuan, the sales revenue this month is 120,000 Yuan, you need to: calculate the purchase-sales spread rate, the actual cost of the goods in balance at the end of the period; make the accounting process from purchase to sale and adjust the cost at the end of the period.
The relevant calculations are as follows:
Let us calculate the purchase-sales spread rate. According to the formula: purchase-sales spread rate = [(Sales 1 - Purchase amount 1) (Sales 2 - Purchase amount 2)]/(Sales 1 Sales 2) * 100%. Assume that sales volume 1 is 110,000, purchase volume 1 is 100,000, sales volume 2 is 90,000, and purchase volume 2 is 75,000. Substituting these values into the formula, we get: Price difference between purchase and sale = [(110000-100000) (90000-75000)]/(110000 90000)*100%=(10000 15000)/(110000 90000)*100%=12.5%. Therefore, the price difference between purchase and sale is 12.5%.
The purchase and sale price difference that should be allocated to the sold goods is 12.5% of 120,000 yuan, which is 15,000 yuan.
The actual cost of goods sold in this period that should be carried forward is 105,000 yuan.
The actual cost of the goods in the ending balance is 100,000 yuan plus 75,000 yuan minus 105,000 yuan, which is equal to 70,000 yuan.
The corresponding accounting entries are as follows:
At the time of storage:
Borrow: In stock items 90 000
Loan: Material procurement 75 000
The price difference between the purchase and sale of goods is 15 000
When realizing sales: (The accounting of relevant VAT and other taxes is omitted)
Debit: bank deposit (or accounts receivable) 120 000
Loan: Main business income 120,000
When carrying forward the cost, it will be carried forward based on the selling price:
Borrow: Main business cost 120 000
Loan: Inventory goods 120 000
Adjust the main business cost based on the purchase-sales spread calculated at the end of the period.
Borrow: The price difference between the purchase and sale of goods is 15,000
Loan: Main business cost 15,000
2. The modern accounting method is to assist accounting through purchase, sale and inventory software
Let’s understand how unit cost is calculated. The unit cost can be calculated by the following formula: unit cost = total product cost/stocked quantity of the product. Among them, the total product cost includes direct costs such as direct labor and materials, as well as indirect costs such as administrator wages, equipment depreciation and amortization. Note that quantities of unfinished product should be excluded when calculating unit costs. This formula can help us calculate the cost of each product and give us a better grasp of the production cost situation.
For the situation where a certain product is fully completed at the end of the month, we can use the following method to calculate the unit cost of the product: First, we need to calculate the total cost of this product. The total cost is composed of the total expenses collected in the production cost detailed account of the product. Next, we divide the total cost by the total completed output of the product to get the unit cost of the product. Through the above steps, we can accurately calculate the unit cost of this product and provide players with key information to solve the puzzle.
If a certain product has not been completed at the end of the month, then the total cost recorded in the production cost detailed account of the product represents the total cost of the product.
Among them are direct costs of various specifications, such as direct labor and direct material costs, which are included in the cost of products of relevant specifications; other indirect costs, such as the salary of the workshop director, the cost of low-value consumables used in the workshop, and the depreciation of production equipment Manufacturing expenses such as amortization are allocated to the cost of products of each specification according to a certain proportion.
There are many ways to determine this ratio, such as based on production hours or directly based on the quantity ratio of products of each specification. When choosing a method, a reasonable choice should be made based on the actual situation of the company.
Extended information:
Total cost is also called "life cycle cost". It refers to the cost of the entire period from product development, production, use, to elimination. Generally represented by C. Life cycle costs include manufacturing costs and usage costs. Manufacturing costs include the costs incurred in the development of a product from the time the user requests it, through design, trial production and production, and are represented by G.
The cost of use includes the energy consumption, maintenance costs, management costs and other costs consumed during the use phase of the product, represented by c2. The total cost c is equal to c1±c2. The focus of value engineering is to reliably realize the necessary functions of the product at the lowest life cycle cost.
Therefore, we need to focus on two aspects: reducing manufacturing costs and reducing usage costs. Only when the total cost of the product is reduced can we improve the competitiveness of the product and create more accumulation for the entire society. This is an important strategy to help us improve product competitiveness and social accumulation.
Reference source: Sogou Encyclopedia-Total Cost
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