MySQL学习笔记_5_SQL语言的设计与编写(上)_MySQL
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SQL语言的设计与编写(上)
一、SQL语句分类
数据定义语言(DDL):
用于定义和管理数据对象,包括数据库、数据表、视图、索引等。例如:CREATE、DROP、ALTER等语句。
数据操作语言(DML):【和表中的数据记录有关的语言】
用于操作数据库对象中所包含的数据。例如:INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE语句。
数据查询语言(DQL):
用于查询数据库对象中所包含的数据,能够进行单表查询、连接查询、嵌套查询,以及集合查询等各种复杂程度不同的数据库查询,并将数据返回到客户机中显示。例如:SELECT语句(占60%)。
数据控制语言(DCL):
是用来管理数据库的语言,包含管理权限及数据更改。例如:GRANT、REVOKE、COMMIT、ROLLBACK等语句。
二、SQL语句应用案例
1、DDL【可以按照以下格式写入一个文件,然后再粘贴到MySQL数据库中】
createtable if not exists cats (
idint not null auto_increment,
pidint not null default '0',
namevarchar(30) not null default '',
desntext not null default '',
primarykey(id),
indexname(name,pid)
);
createtable if not exists products(
idint not null auto_increment,
cidint not null default 0,
namevarchar(60) not null default '',
pricedouble (7,2) not null default 0.00,
numint not null default 0,
desntext,
ptimeint not null default 0,
primarykey(id),
keypname(name,price)
);
2、DML
a)insert,插入表数据
insertinto 表名([字段列表])values(值列表),(值列表2),(值列表3),...,(值列表n);
特点:
1.如果在表名后没有给出字段列表,则值列表必须填充所有字段的值,必须按表中默认的顺序插入
2.所有需要写字段名的地方都不加单引号或双引号,但是建议所有值都要以字符形式使用
3.建议在插入数据时,最好给出字段列表,则值只要和字段列表一一对应即可,可以不按表中字段的顺序
b)update表名 set字段='值'[,字段2='值2',...,字段n='值n'][条件]#条件指定需要更改的记录
e.g. updatecats set pid='3' where id='1';
updatecats set pid='99' where id >= '1' && id
c)deletefrom 表名 [条件]
deletefrom cats; #清空数据表
truncatecats; #也可以清空数据表,效率更高,truncate将...截断
d)where条件
无论更新、删除、查找,只要写对条件就能准确找到要管理的一条或多条数据
【都可以使用各种运算符号,可以把字段当作一个变量来使用】
3、DQL【select】
SELECT[ALL | DISTINCT]
{*|table.*|[table.]field1[asalias1][,[table.]field2[as alias2]][.....]}
FROM 表名
[WHERE...]
[GROUPBY...]
[HAVING...]
[ORDERBY ...]
[LIMITcount]
使用SELECT查询语言,目的是可以按用户的想法将数据查出来,将结果返回!
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