MySQL学习笔记_4_MySQL创建数据表(下)_MySQL
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MySQL创建数据表(下)
五、数据表类型及存储位置
1、MySQL与大多数数据库不同,MySQL有一个存储引擎概念。MySQL可以针对不同的存储需求选择不同的存储引擎。
2、 showengines; #查看MySQL所支持的存储引擎storageengine
3、 showvariables like 'table_type'; #查看默认数据表类型
MyISAM和InnoDB最常用的存储引擎【表类型】
4、指定表类型【使用哪一个存储引擎】:
createtable ...() engine = InnoDB;
注意:在一个数据库中可以在创建数据表时指定不同的表类型,即同一个库中可以有多个不同表类型的数据表存在
5、不同引擎的特点:
1)MyISAM表类型:
成熟稳定,易于管理,使用一种表格锁定的机制,需要经常使用“optimizetable 表名”来恢复机制所浪费的空间。
强调可以快速读取操作。但是也有一些功能不支持。
2)InnoDB表类型:
支持一些MyISAM所不支持的功能
缺点:占用空间大,不支持全文索引
对比:
功能
MyISAM
InnoDB
事务处理功能
No
Yes
数据行锁定
No
Yes
外键约束
No
Yes
表空间占用
0
相对大(最大2倍)
全文索引
0
0
存储(/var/lib/mysql/)
3个文件(.frm存储表结构
1个文件(.frm)
.MYD保存数据
.MYI 保存索引)
六、MySQL默认字符集
1、MySQL支持的数据编码
ASCII码 #7个字符存储
ISO-8859-1/latin1字符集 #西欧字符集,经常被程序员转码用,8位编码
gb2312-80 #不推荐
...
GBK【95年】 #2字节,可以用,但是不推荐,双字节编码
GB18030【2000年发布】#数据库支持比较少见
UTF-32 #4字节,不常用
USC-2 #2字节,Windows2000内部使用
UTF-16 #2/4字节编码,JAVA,WindowsXP,WindowsNT内部使用
UTF-8 #1~4字节编码,Unicode是互联网与UNIX/Linux与MySQL服务器广泛支持的字符集,强烈推荐
e.g. GBK2字节:namevarchar(12) 6个汉字
UTF-83字节:namevarchar(12) 4个汉字
2、MySQL服务器,数据库,数据表,字段都可以指定不同的字符集,用“showcharacter set;”可用于查看MySQL支持的所有字符集
注意:数据库中UTF-8在使用时为utf8
3、MySQL的字符集包括 #character字符
字符集【charset】:用来定义MySQL字符串的存储方式
校对规则【collation】:用来定义MySQL字符串的比较方式
是一对多的关系:1个字符集可以对应多个校对规则
showcollation like 'gbk%'; #可用来查看gbk所对应的校对规则
showcollation; #可用来查看所有的校对规则,以ci结尾,表示大小写不敏感,以cs结尾,大小写敏感,以bin结尾表示以二进制比较
showvariables like 'character_set_server'; #查看服务器端字符集
showvariables like 'collation_server'; #查看服务器段校对规则
4、指定默认字符集与校对规则
createdatabase xsdemo default character gbk collategbk_chinese_ci; #指定数据库默认字符集
create table t1(id int not null auto_increment primary key)engine=myisam default character set gbk collategbk_chinese_ci; #制定数据表的字符集
5、客户端与服务器交互时
character_set_client #客户端字符集
character_set_connection #连接字符集
character_set_result #返回结果字符集
通常情况下这三个字符集应该是相同的,才能使得数据传输是相同的,使用“setnames 字符集”可以同时修改这三个的值。
alterdatabase character set utf8; #修改数据库的字符集,alter修改,更改
altertable t1 character set utf8; #修改数据表的字符集
服务器的字符集就只能改配置文件了
6、备份数据库
mysqldump-u root -p --default-character-set=gbk -d xsdemo >/home/xiaofang/backup.sql #dump 倾倒;倾卸
7、还原数据库
mysql-u root -p xsdemo
七、修改表
altertable... #更多内容参见?Alter table;
e.g. altertable t1 add price double not null default 0.00;
altertable t1 add sex varchar(5) after name; #在姓名之后添加性别
altertable t1 add height double first; #在第一位置添加身高
altertable t1 modify sex char(3); #modify适用于改类型
altertable t1 change name username varchar(5);#change 既可以更改字段名,又可以更改类型
altertable t1 rename users; #直接修改表名
altertable t1 drop age; #删除字段
droptable if exists users; #删除数据表
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