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mysql 维护常用命令_MySQL

Jun 01, 2016 pm 01:19 PM
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bitsCN.com Analyze Table

MySQL 的Optimizer(优化元件)在优化SQL语句时,首先需要收集一些相关信息,其中就包括表的cardinality(可以翻译为“散列程度”),它表示某个索引对应的列包含多少个不同的值――如果cardinality大大少于数据的实际散列程度,那么索引就基本失效了。
我们可以使用SHOW INDEX语句来查看索引的散列程度:

SHOW INDEX FROM PLAYERS;

TABLE KEY_NAME COLUMN_NAME CARDINALITY
------- -------- ----------- -----------
PLAYERS PRIMARY PLAYERNO 14

因为此时PLAYER表中不同的PLAYERNO数量远远多于14,索引基本失效。
下面我们通过Analyze Table语句来修复索引:

ANALYZE TABLE PLAYERS;
SHOW INDEX FROM PLAYERS;
结果是:
TABLE KEY_NAME COLUMN_NAME CARDINALITY
------- -------- ----------- -----------
PLAYERS PRIMARY PLAYERNO 1000

此时索引已经修复,查询效率大大提高。

需要注意的是,如果开启了binlog,那么Analyze Table的结果也会写入binlog,我们可以在analyze和table之间添加关键字local取消写入。

Checksum Table

数据在传输时,可能会发生变化,也有可能因为其它原因损坏,为了保证数据的一致,我们可以计算checksum(校验值)。
使用MyISAM引擎的表会把checksum存储起来,称为live checksum,当数据发生变化时,checksum会相应变化。
在执行Checksum Table时,可以在最后指定选项qiuck或是extended;qiuck表示返回存储的checksum值,而extended会重新计算checksum,如果没有指定选项,则默认使用extended。

Optimize Table

经常更新数据的磁盘需要整理碎片,数据库也是这样,Optimize Table语句对MyISAM和InnoDB类型的表都有效。
如果表经常更新,就应当定期运行Optimize Table语句,保证效率。
与Analyze Table一样,Optimize Table也可以使用local来取消写入binlog。

Check Table

数据库经常可能遇到错误,譬如数据写入磁盘时发生错误,或是索引没有同步更新,或是数据库未关闭MySQL就停止了。
遇到这些情况,数据就可能发生错误:
Incorrect key file for table: ' '. Try to repair it.
此时,我们可以使用Check Table语句来检查表及其对应的索引。
譬如我们运行
CHECK TABLE PLAYERS;

结果是
TABLE OP MSG_TYPE MSG_TEXT
-------------- ----- -------- --------
TENNIS.PLAYERS check status OK

MySQL会保存表最近一次检查的时间,每次运行check table都会存储这些信息:

执行
SELECT TABLE_NAME, CHECK_TIME
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'PLAYERS'
AND TABLE_SCHEMA = 'TENNIS';

结果是

TABLE_NAME CHECK_TIME
---------- -------------------
PLAYERS 2006-08-21 16:44:25

Check Table还可以指定其它选项:
UPGRADE:用来测试在更早版本的MySQL中建立的表是否与当前版本兼容。
QUICK:速度最快的选项,在检查各列的数据时,不会检查链接(link)的正确与否,如果没有遇到什么问题,可以使用这个选项。
FAST:只检查表是否正常关闭,如果在系统掉电之后没有遇到严重问题,可以使用这个选项。
CHANGED:只检查上次检查时间之后更新的数据。
MEDIUM:默认的选项,会检查索引文件和数据文件之间的链接正确性。
EXTENDED:最慢的选项,会进行全面的检查。

Repair Table

用于修复表,只对MyISAM和ARCHIVE类型的表有效。
这条语句同样可以指定选项:
QUICK:最快的选项,只修复索引树。
EXTENDED:最慢的选项,需要逐行重建索引。
USE_FRM:只有当MYI文件丢失时才使用这个选项,全面重建整个索引。

与Analyze Table一样,Repair Table也可以使用local来取消写入binlog。bitsCN.com

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