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mysql 获取全局唯一值_MySQL

Jun 01, 2016 pm 01:26 PM
mysql database

bitsCN.com

  在涉及数据库存储数据的时候,经常会遇到唯一值问题,有的是主键带来的限制,有的则是业务上的需要。

  下面介绍几种唯一值的获取或者生产方法:

  先建一个测试用的表tbl_user,有三个字段:Id、Name、Age,其中Id为主键。
   1:  drop table if exists `tbl_user`;
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   2:  create table 
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   3:  `tbl_user` (
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   4:      `Id` int(10),
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   5:      `Name` varchar(20),
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   6:      `Age` int(10),
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   7:      PRIMARY KEY  (`Id`)
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   8:  )DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci;
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  插入几条数据

   1:  insert into tbl_user values (1000,"小猫",22);
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   2:  insert into tbl_user values (1001,"小狗",22);
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   3:  insert into tbl_user values (1002,"小刺猬",22);
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   4:   
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   5:  select * from tbl_user;
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  查询结果:
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  <img src="/static/imghw/default1.png" data-src="http://img.bitscn.com/upimg/allimg/c140719/1405L22201W50-23L24.jpg" class="lazy"   style="max-width:90%" title="image" alt="image"  style="max-width:90%"  style="max-width:90%" border="0">
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  1.由应用程序根据一定算法生成唯一值:一般采用”MD5(时间戳+随机数)“或者其他的UUID算法,基本也比较好实现。如果遇到多机器上分布的程序访问统一数据库的表,可以把Ip、网卡号等信息考进来就可以解决了(当然可以不是简单的拼接,你可以根据需要去合适的位数经过一定的算法去获取)。 

  2.先查询表中最大的值select max(id),再加1后作为新的值。很笨的方法。

   1:  select max(Id) from tbl_user;
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   2:  查询到的最大Id为 1002
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   3:   
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   4:  之后插入 1003
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   5:   
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   6:  insert into tbl_user values (1003,"小熊",22);
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   7:   
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  此时表中数据为

  image

  3.如果是表级别的唯一,即在同一个表中某个字段唯一,可以把该字段设置为“自增(AUTO_INCREMENT)”的。这样你不必费心思去生成这个不能重复的唯一值了。但是一般应用程序是需要这个唯一值的,这个时候你就得在查询一次去获取刚才数据库自增生成的Id。比如在用户登录的时候,你要生成一个登录会话Id或者Token,这些程序一般是需要得到这个值而不是仅仅存在数据库中。生成的值,1.可以一般的select条件查询,根据条件查询刚才插入的数据。2.直接调用select @@IDENTITY 就可以得到上一次插入记录时自动产生的ID(注意是在数据库同一个连接(会话)中),用在插入后立即select @@IDENTITY 。

  看例子,先将表中的Id字段设置为自增,再插入一条数据(不要插入Id值,让数据库自增得到值),select @@IDENTITY查询,最后验证看看。

1.#将Id改为自增(auto_increment)ALTER TABLE tbl_user CHANGE Id Id int not null auto_increment;#或者 先删除Id字段再添加一个Id字段alter table tbl_user auto_increment=1000;alter table tbl_user drop column Id;alter table tbl_user add Id int not null auto_increment primary key first;2.插入一条记录insert tbl_user set Name='小猴',Age=23;3.查询刚才的自增Id值select @@IDENTITY;值是1004,
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  验证下:select * from tbl_user;得到的当前表记录为

  image

  过刚插入的数据“小猴”id为1004,和select @@IDENTITY;结果一样。

  4.使用mysql的 UUID()函数。前面的自增字段(auto_increment)只能生成”表内”的唯一值,且需要搭配使其为”唯一的主键或唯一索引”,它的值是逐步增长的。这里的UUID产生的是字符串类型值,固定长度为:36个字符。UUID生成的是在时间、空间上都独一无二的值,是“随机+规则”组合而成。

select uuid();select uuid();执行两次,结果:69ad8b74-6d47-11e3-ba6e-7446a08ee8ec69b03c16-6d47-11e3-ba6e-7446a08ee8ec
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  可以看到,多次调用UUID()函数得到的值不相同,它由五部分组成,并且有连字符(-)隔开,一共36个字符。其中:

  前3组值是时间戳换算过来的,解决“时间上唯一”;

  第4组值是暂时性保持时间戳的唯一性,重启mysql才会变动;

  第5组是mac值转过来的,有助于解决“空间上的唯一”,同一个机器多实例的一般相同。如果mac值获取不到,则是一个随机值。

  这些已经可以保证得到的值在时间和空间上的唯一。当然你也可以去掉连字符: select replace(uuid(),'-','')。

  在MySQL 5.1.*及更高版本有一个变种的UUID()函数,UUID_SHORT(),可以生成一个17-64位无符号的整数,注意是生成的一个整数,而前面UUID()生成的是字符串。MySQL启动后第一次执行的值是通过时间戳等初始化这个值,在本次运行中再次调用的时候都加1。这个值一般比较大,可以调用right(UUID_SHORT(),9)取后面的若干位。或者,你还可以写成自定义函数,来按需生成这个值。举个例子:

#1.调用uuid_short()函数SELECT UUID_SHORT();SELECT UUID_SHORT();#执行两次得到的值递增的:2328563497408921623285634974089217#2.创建一个自定义函数,按需获取唯一值:CREATE DEFINER=`root`@`%` FUNCTION `GetUuidTest`(SysId     int) RETURNS int(10)begin    declare tmpID  int;                set tmpID = 0;              #SELECT UUID_SHORT() into  tmpID;  #直接取值     SELECT concat(SysId,right(UUID_SHORT(),8)) into  tmpID;#SysId和UUID_SHORT()后8位数拼接得到     return  tmpID;end#3.调用自定义的函数GetUuidTest(int)函数:select GetUuidTest(1);select GetUuidTest(1);select GetUuidTest(2);select GetUuidTest(2);#得到结果:174089233 #1+uuid_short()后8位(74089233)组成174089234 #1+uuid_short()后8位(74089234)组成274089235 #2+uuid_short()后8位(74089235)组成274089236 #3+uuid_short()后8位(74089236)组成#uuid_short()值递增,前面在加一个Id,不同的服务器IdSysId不同。#4.在例子中调用自定义函数GetUuidTest(int)  来插入记录:这时候不需要把Id设置为自增了。insert tbl_user set Id=GetUuidTest(1),Name='小熊猫',Age=22;insert tbl_user set Id=GetUuidTest(2),Name='小鸭子',Age=21;
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  例子中,select * from tbl_user;得到的所有记录为

  image

  欢迎转载,方便的话,请注明出处,谢谢!

  作者:子韦一

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