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Take stock of 12 performance tuning commands in Linux systems.

王林
Release: 2024-02-13 10:54:31
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Performance tuning has always been one of the most important tasks for operation and maintenance engineers. If your production environment encounters slow system response, abnormal hard disk IO throughput, data processing speed lower than expected, or If system resources such as CPU, memory, hard disk, and network are exhausted for a long time, this article will really help you. If not, please save it first.

Take stock of 12 performance tuning commands in Linux systems.

1, hdparm check hardness reading speed:

命令:hdparm -t /dev/sda5
打印:Timing buffered disk reads: 254 MB in 3.01 seconds = 84.34 MB/sec
说明:能够指定具体的哪块硬盘进行查询的哦!
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2, iostat detects disk IO status:

格式:iostat [ -c | -d ] [ -k ] [ -t ] [ -V ] [ -x [ device ] ] [ interval ]
描述:iostat是I/O statistics(输入/输出统计)的缩写,iostat工具将对系统的磁盘操作活动进行监视。它的特点是汇报磁盘活动统计情况,同时也会汇报出CPU使用情况,同vmstat一样,iostat也有一个弱点,就是它不能对某个进程进行深入分析,仅对系统的整体情况进行分析,每1秒检测统计一次(共5次)。
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Take stock of 12 performance tuning commands in Linux systems.

blk_read/s Number of data blocks read per second

blk_wrtn/s Number of data blocks written per second

blk_read represents the number of all data blocks read

blk_wrtn represents the number of all data blocks written

3, vmstat reports memory and CPU status:

名称:报告虚拟内存的统计信息
格式:vmstat [-n] [延时[次数]]
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Take stock of 12 performance tuning commands in Linux systems.
R: 运行和等待CPU时间片的进程数。If the number is greater than the CPU for a long time, it means that the CPU is insufficient
B: The number of processes waiting for resources. If the number of waiting is large, the problem may be I/O or memory
Swpd: Switch to the memory size of the memory swap area [in KB]
free: The current amount of free physical memory [in KB]
si: Transfer from disk to memory
so: Transfer from memory to disk
bi: The total amount of data read from the block device
bo: The total amount of data written to the block device
bi bo 1000 If it exceeds 1000, it means there is a problem with the read and write speed of the hard disk
in: The number of device interrupts per second observed within a certain time interval [too many interrupts are bad for performance]
cs: The column indicates the number of context switches generated per second
us sy > 80% means insufficient CPU resources
us: Percentage of CPU time consumed by user processes
sy: Percentage of CPU time consumed by kernel processes
id: Percentage of time the CPU is idle
wa: Percentage of time spent waiting for IO
runq-sz: The number of processes that can be run in memory
plist-sz: The number of active tasks in the system

显示详细信息

4,sar检测CPU资源:

任务计划 /etc/cron.d/sysstat
日志目录 /var/log/sa
查看方法 Sar –q –f /var/log/sa/sa10
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Take stock of 12 performance tuning commands in Linux systems.

5,lscpu显示CPU信息:

dmesg 显示出开机启动的信息
 lscpu 显示CPU信息
 lscpu -p 显示CPU对应的节点数
getconf LONG_BIT 获知主机的位数
 getconf -a 查看全部的参数
 /sys/class/dmi/id 可以查看Bios的信息 bios_*
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6,strace显示程序的调用:

strace –fc elinks –dump http://localhost
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7,调优硬盘优先写入/读取数据用:

Take stock of 12 performance tuning commands in Linux systems.
预先读取需要写入的量,然后再处理写请求,↑读到的值将会是设置值的一半↑。
设置读取到缓存中的数值越大.写入时就会因为数据量大而速度变慢。

/sys/block/sda/queue/nr_requests 队列长度越大,硬盘IO速度会提升,但占用内存
/sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler 调度算法Noop、anticipatory、deadline、[cfq]

8,将Ext3文件系统的日志功能独立:

1、创建200M的/dev/sdb1 格式化为ext3
2、dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1查看文件系统功能中包含的has_journal
3、Tune2fs –O ^has_journal /dev/sdb1 去掉默认原有的日志功能
4、再分一个200M的分区./dev/sdb2. 日志卷的block必须等于 /dev/sdb1
Mke2fs –O journal_dev –b 1024 /dev/sdb2
5、将/dev/sdb2作为/dev/sdb1的日志卷.
Tune2fs –j –J device=/dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb1
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9,关闭记录文件系统atime:

对于网站文件,频繁的修改atime是没有意义的,会影响性能
mount –o remount,noatime DEVICE 即可
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10、修改文件日志的提交时间:

默认是5秒提交一次日志,修改更长时间可以提高性能,但容易丢失数据。
mount –o remount,commit=15 DEVICE
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11,RAID轮循写入调优,适用于0/5/6:

chunk size.轮循一次写入的字节.默认是64K,只要没有写满,就不会移动到下一个设备

设置在每个硬盘都只写一个文件就切换到下一块硬盘,那么如果都是1K的小文件,就会将系统资源浪费在切换硬盘上

如果将chunk size的值设置很大,比如100M,那么也就没有了意义,还不如用一块硬盘。

Stripe size.条带大小,并不是有数据就写入,而是设置每次写入的数据量,一般是16K写一次。

所以.Chunk size(64K)/stripe size(16K),也就是说每块硬盘写四次。

————————————算当前应该把chunk size调成多少————————————

使用iostat –x查看自开机以来每秒的平均请求数avgrq-sz
chunk size = 每秒请求数*512/1024/磁盘数,取一个最紧接2倍数的整数
stride = chunk size /block(默认是4k)

创建raid并设置chunk sinze
mdadm –C /dev/md0 –l 0 –n3 –chunk=8 /dev/sdb[123] 修改raid
mke2fs –j –b 4096 –E stride=2 /dev/md0

12,硬盘的block保留数:

 dumpe2fs /dev/sda1
 tune2fs –m 10 /dev/sda1 保留block百分比
 tune2fs –r 保留block数
 保留的block过少,影响性能,保留的过多又浪费硬盘,默认是5%
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学习了上面的性能调优命令和方法后,再总结几条调优的金句:

独立设备性能速度比集成的强,因为不占用主机整体资源
工程师一般不会远程管理计算机,需要提供日志等信息
硬盘空间越大,读取的速度越慢,可以考虑用多块硬盘组成一块较大空间
分区只是在硬盘上做标识,而不像格式化在做文件系统特性,所以速度快
硬盘越靠外侧速度越快[分区号越小越靠外区,所以将数据量大的首先分区].
程序开发者注重雇主的功能要求,系统管理员注重程序的资源开销

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