Linux UUIDs: Unlocking the secrets of file system identification.
在Linux系统中，每个文件系统都有一个唯一的标识符，称为UUID。了解UUID的概念和作用对于Linux系统管理者来说是非常重要的。本文将为您详细介绍UUID的基本原理和使用方法，助您更好地管理Linux系统。
有许多可用的实用程序可以查看 UUID。本文我们将会向你展示多种查看 UUID 的方法，并且你可以选择一种适合于你的方法。
何为 UUID？
UUID 意即通用唯一识别码Universally Unique Identifier，它可以帮助 Linux 系统识别一个磁盘分区而不是块设备文件。自内核 2.15.1 起，libuuid 就是 util-linux-ng 包中的一部分，它被默认安装在 Linux 系统中。UUID 由该库生成，可以合理地认为在一个系统中 UUID 是唯一的，并且在所有系统中也是唯一的。这是在计算机系统中用来标识信息的一个 128 位（比特）的数字。UUID 最初被用在阿波罗网络计算机系统Apollo Network Computing System（NCS）中，之后 UUID 被开放软件基金会Open Software Foundation（OSF）标准化，成为分布式计算环境Distributed Computing Environment（DCE）的一部分。
UUID 以 32 个十六进制的数字表示，被连字符分割为 5 组显示，总共的 36 个字符的格式为 8-4-4-4-12（32 个字母或数字和 4 个连字符）。
例如： d92fa769-e00f-4fd7-b6ed-ecf7224af7fa
我的 /etc/fstab 文件示例：
# cat /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a device; this may # be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices that works even if # disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # UUID=69d9dd18-36be-4631-9ebb-78f05fe3217f / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 1 UUID=a2092b92-af29-4760-8e68-7a201922573b swap swap defaults,noatime 0 2
我们可以使用下面的 7 个命令来查看。
- blkid 命令：定位或打印块设备的属性。
- lsblk命令：列出所有可用的或指定的块设备的信息。
- hwinfo命令：硬件信息工具，是另外一个很好的实用工具，用于查询系统中已存在硬件。
- udevadm命令：udev 管理工具
- tune2fs命令：调整 ext2/ext3/ext4 文件系统上的可调文件系统参数。
- dumpe2fs 命令：查询 ext2/ext3/ext4 文件系统的信息。
- 使用 by-uuid 路径：该目录下包含有 UUID 和实际的块设备文件，UUID 与实际的块设备文件链接在一起。
Linux 中如何使用 blkid 命令查看磁盘分区或文件系统的 UUID？
blkid 是定位或打印块设备属性的命令行实用工具。它利用 libblkid 库在 Linux 系统中获得到磁盘分区的 UUID。
# blkid /dev/sda1: UUID="d92fa769-e00f-4fd7-b6ed-ecf7224af7fa" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="eab59449-01" /dev/sdc1: UUID="d17e3c31-e2c9-4f11-809c-94a549bc43b7" TYPE="ext2" PARTUUID="8cc8f9e5-01" /dev/sdc3: UUID="ca307aa4-0866-49b1-8184-004025789e63" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="8cc8f9e5-03" /dev/sdc5: PARTUUID="8cc8f9e5-05"
Linux 中如何使用 lsblk 命令查看磁盘分区或文件系统的 UUID？
lsblk 列出所有有关可用或指定块设备的信息。lsblk 命令读取 sysfs 文件系统和 udev 数据库以收集信息。
如果 udev 数据库不可用或者编译的 lsblk 不支持 udev，它会试图从块设备中读取卷标、UUID 和文件系统类型。这种情况下，必须以 root 身份运行。该命令默认会以类似于树的格式打印出所有的块设备（RAM 盘除外）。
# lsblk -o name,mountpoint,size,uuid NAME MOUNTPOINT SIZE UUID sda 30G └─sda1 / 20G d92fa769-e00f-4fd7-b6ed-ecf7224af7fa sdb 10G sdc 10G ├─sdc1 1G d17e3c31-e2c9-4f11-809c-94a549bc43b7 ├─sdc3 1G ca307aa4-0866-49b1-8184-004025789e63 ├─sdc4 1K └─sdc5 1G sdd 10G sde 10G sr0 1024M
Linux 中如何使用 by-uuid 路径查看磁盘分区或文件系统的 UUID？
该目录包含了 UUID 和实际的块设备文件，UUID 与实际的块设备文件链接在一起。
# ls -lh /dev/disk/by-uuid/ total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jan 29 08:34 ca307aa4-0866-49b1-8184-004025789e63 -> ../../sdc3 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jan 29 08:34 d17e3c31-e2c9-4f11-809c-94a549bc43b7 -> ../../sdc1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jan 29 08:34 d92fa769-e00f-4fd7-b6ed-ecf7224af7fa -> ../../sda1
Linux 中如何使用 hwinfo 命令查看磁盘分区或文件系统的 UUID？
hwinfo 意即硬件信息工具，是另外一种很好的实用工具。它被用来检测系统中已存在的硬件，并且以可读的格式显示各种硬件组件的细节信息。
# hwinfo --block | grep by-uuid | awk '{print $3,$7}'
/dev/sdc1, /dev/disk/by-uuid/d17e3c31-e2c9-4f11-809c-94a549bc43b7
/dev/sdc3, /dev/disk/by-uuid/ca307aa4-0866-49b1-8184-004025789e63
/dev/sda1, /dev/disk/by-uuid/d92fa769-e00f-4fd7-b6ed-ecf7224af7fa
Linux 中如何使用 udevadm 命令查看磁盘分区或文件系统的 UUID？
udevadm 需要命令和命令特定的操作。它控制 systemd-udevd 的运行时行为，请求内核事件、管理事件队列并且提供简单的调试机制。
# udevadm info -q all -n /dev/sdc1 | grep -i by-uuid | head -1 S: disk/by-uuid/d17e3c31-e2c9-4f11-809c-94a549bc43b7
Linux 中如何使用 tune2fs 命令查看磁盘分区或文件系统的 UUID？
tune2fs 允许系统管理员在 Linux 的 ext2、ext3、ext4 文件系统中调整各种可调的文件系统参数。这些选项的当前值可以使用选项 -l 显示。
# tune2fs -l /dev/sdc1 | grep UUID Filesystem UUID: d17e3c31-e2c9-4f11-809c-94a549bc43b7
Linux 中如何使用 dumpe2fs 命令查看磁盘分区或文件系统的 UUID？
dumpe2fs 打印出现在设备文件系统中的超级块和块组的信息。
# dumpe2fs /dev/sdc1 | grep UUID dumpe2fs 1.43.5 (04-Aug-2017) Filesystem UUID: d17e3c31-e2c9-4f11-809c-94a549bc43b7
通过本文的阅读，我们已经了解到什么是UUID以及它在Linux系统中的作用和用途。UUID可以帮助我们更加方便地管理文件系统，而且不受文件系统挂载顺序或设备名称的影响。同时，我们也了解了如何查看和修改UUID，以及UUID与其他标识符的区别。希望本文对您有所帮助，让您更加熟练地管理Linux系统。
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