[MySQL] 探索权限表_MySQL
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[MySQL] 探索权限表
MySQL权限表是指在mysql数据库下的5张表：user, db, tables_priv, columns_priv, procs_priv，这5张表记录了所有的用户及其权限信息，MySQL就是通过这5张表控制用户访问的。本文将探索这5张权限表。
MySQL权限表的结构和内容
1、user：记录账号、密码、全局性权限信息等。
[sql] mysql> desc mysql.user; +------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | | | User | char(16) | NO | PRI | | | | Password | char(41) | NO | | | | | Select_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Insert_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Update_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Delete_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Drop_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Reload_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Shutdown_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Process_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | File_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Grant_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | References_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Index_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Alter_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Show_db_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Super_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_tmp_table_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Lock_tables_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Execute_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Repl_slave_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Repl_client_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_view_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Show_view_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_routine_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Alter_routine_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_user_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Event_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Trigger_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_tablespace_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | ssl_type | enum('','ANY','X509','SPECIFIED') | NO | | | | | ssl_cipher | blob | NO | | NULL | | | x509_issuer | blob | NO | | NULL | | | x509_subject | blob | NO | | NULL | | | max_questions | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | | | max_updates | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | | | max_connections | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | | | max_user_connections | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | | | plugin | char(64) | YES | | | | | authentication_string | text | YES | | NULL | | +------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1）*_priv：适用MySQL服务器全局性的权限，假设某个账号拥有Delete_priv的全局性权限，则表示它可以对任何表进行删除数据的操作，这非常危险，所有一般只有超级用户root有这样的权限，其它普通用户没有。
2）max_*：资源管理列，用于规定账号的资源使用上限，其中：
max_questions：每小时发出的语句数上限
max_updates：每小时发出的修改类语句数上限
max_connections：每小时连接数上限
max_user_connections：允许保有的连接数上限
3）SSL相关列：
ssl_type，ssl_cipher，x509_isuser, x509_subject
2、db：记录数据库相关权限
[plain] mysql> desc mysql.db; +-----------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | | | Db | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | User | char(16) | NO | PRI | | | | Select_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Insert_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Update_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Delete_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Drop_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Grant_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | References_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Index_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Alter_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_tmp_table_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Lock_tables_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_view_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Show_view_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_routine_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Alter_routine_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Execute_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Event_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Trigger_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | +-----------------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 1）*_priv：适用于某个数据库的权限3、tables_priv：表级别的权限[plain] mysql> desc mysql.tables_priv; +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ | Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | | | Db | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | User | char(16) | NO | PRI | | | | Table_name | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | Grantor | char(77) | NO | MUL | | | | Timestamp | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | | Table_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','Delete','Create','Drop','Grant', 'References','Index','Alter','Create View','Show view','Trigger') | NO | | | | | Column_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','References') | NO | | | | +-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
上面的Column_priv比较奇怪，因为照理说tables_priv只显示表级别的权限，列级别的权限应该在columns_priv里显示才对。后来查了资料才知道，原来这是为了提高权限检查时的性能，试想一下，权限检查时，如果发现tables_priv.Column_priv为空，就不需要再检查columns_priv表了，这种情况在现实中往往占大多数。
4、columns_priv：列级别的权限
[sql] mysql> desc mysql.columns_priv; +-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ | Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | | | Db | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | User | char(16) | NO | PRI | | | | Table_name | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | Column_name | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | Timestamp | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | | Column_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','References') | NO | | | | +-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ 5、procs_priv：存储过程和函数的权限[sql] mysql> desc mysql.procs_priv; +--------------+----------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+----------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+ | Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | | | Db | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | User | char(16) | NO | PRI | | | | Routine_name | char(64) | NO | PRI | | | | Routine_type | enum('FUNCTION','PROCEDURE') | NO | PRI | NULL | | | Grantor | char(77) | NO | MUL | | | | Proc_priv | set('Execute','Alter Routine','Grant') | NO | | | | | Timestamp | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | +--------------+----------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
如何控制客户访问？
下面讲讲MySQL服务器如何通过以上介绍的5张权限表控制客户访问。
1、用户连接时的检查
1）当用户连接时，MySQL服务器首先从user表里匹配host, user, password，匹配不到则拒绝该连接
2）接着检查user表的max_connections和max_user_connections，如果超过上限则拒绝连接
3）检查user表的SSL安全连接，如果有配置SSL，则需确认用户提供的证书是否合法
只有上面3个检查都通过后，服务器才建立连接，连接建立后，当用户执行SQL语句时，需要如下检查。
2、执行SQL语句时的检查
1）从user表里检查max_questions和max_updates，如果超过上限则拒绝执行SQL
下面几步是进行权限检查：
2）首先检查user表，看是否具有相应的全局性权限，如果有，则执行，没有则继续下一步检查
3）接着到db表，看是否具有数据库级别的权限，如果有，则执行，没有则继续下一步检查
4）最后到tables_priv, columns_priv, procs_priv表里查看是否具有相应对象的权限
从以上的过程我们可以知道，MySQL检查权限是一个比较复杂的过程，所以为了提高性能，MySQL的启动时就会把这5张权限表加载到内存。
注意事项
1、尽量使用create user, grant等语句，而不要直接修改权限表。
虽然create user, grant等语句底层也是修改权限表，和直接修改权限表的效果是一样的，但是，对于非高手来说，采用封装好的语句肯定不会出错，而如果直接修改权限表，难免会漏掉某些表。而且，修改完权限表之后，还需要执行flush privileges重新加载到内存，否则不会生效。
2、把匿名用户删除掉。
匿名用户没有密码，不但不安全，还会产生一些莫名其妙的问题，强烈建议删除。
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