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[MySQL] 字符集和排序方式_MySQL

Jun 01, 2016 pm 01:28 PM
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[MySQL] 字符集和排序方式

 

MySQL的字符串分为两大类:

1)二进制字符串:即一串字节序列,对字节的解释不涉及字符集,因此它没有字符集和排序方式的概念

2)非二进制字符串:由字符构成的序列,字符集用来解释字符串的内容,排序方式决定字符的大小

 

字符集和排序方式

字符集和排序方式的关系是这样的:一个字符集可以有一个或多个排序方式,有一个默认的排序方式,我们可以通过以下例子说明:

[sql] mysql> show character set like '%gbk%';  +---------+------------------------+-------------------+--------+  | Charset | Description            | Default collation | Maxlen |  +---------+------------------------+-------------------+--------+  | gbk     | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci    |      2 |   +---------+------------------------+-------------------+--------+  1 row in set (0.00 sec)    mysql> show collation like '%gbk%';  +----------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+  | Collation      | Charset | Id | Default | Compiled | Sortlen |  +----------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+  | gbk_chinese_ci | gbk     | 28 | Yes     | Yes      |       1 |   | gbk_bin        | gbk     | 87 |         | Yes      |       1 |   +----------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+  2 rows in set (0.00 sec)  
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从上例中我们可以看出字符集gbk有两个排序方式(分别为gbk_chinese_ci何gbk_bin),其中默认的排序方式为gbk_chinese_ci。

排序方式的命名规则为:字符集名字_语言_后缀,其中各个典型后缀的含义如下:

1)_ci:不区分大小写的排序方式

2)_cs:区分大小写的排序方式

3)_bin:二进制排序方式,大小比较将根据字符编码,不涉及人类语言,因此_bin的排序方式不包含人类语言

因此,gbk_chinese_ci排序方式就表示:字符集为gbk,人类语言使用中文来比较大小,比较时区分大小写。

常用函数

字符集引导

字符集引导可以让MySQL指定一种字符集来解释字符常量,其语法为:

_charset str

如:

_utf8 'ABCD' 表示以utf8字符集来介绍字符串常量'ABCD'

字符集转换

convert()函数可以把一个字符串转换成指定字符集,其语法为:

convert(str using charset)

如 convert('ABCD' using utf8) 表示把'ABCD'的字符集转换成uft8

length()函数 --返回字节的长度

char_length() --返回字符长度

与字符集有关的系统变量

通过以下语句可以查看与字符集有关的系统变量:

[sql] mysql> show variables like 'character/_set/_%';  +--------------------------+--------+  | Variable_name            | Value  |  +--------------------------+--------+  | character_set_client     | latin1 |   | character_set_connection | latin1 |   | character_set_database   | gbk    |   | character_set_filesystem | binary |   | character_set_results    | latin1 |   | character_set_server     | gbk    |   | character_set_system     | utf8   |   +--------------------------+--------+  7 rows in set (0.01 sec)    mysql> show variables like 'collation/_%';                +----------------------+-------------------+  | Variable_name        | Value             |  +----------------------+-------------------+  | collation_connection | latin1_swedish_ci |   | collation_database   | gbk_chinese_ci    |   | collation_server     | gbk_chinese_ci    |   +----------------------+-------------------+  3 rows in set (0.00 sec)  
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它们的含义如下:

character_set_system:MySQL数据库标识符使用的字符集,永远是utf8

character_set_server和collation_server:服务器的默认字符集和排序方式

character_set_database和collation_database:当前数据库的默认字符集和排序方式

以下三个变量将影响客户端和服务器之间的通信:

character_set_client:客户端向服务器发送SQL语句使用的字符集

character_set_results:服务器向客户端返回结果时使用的字符集

character_set_connection:如果它和character_set_client不同,从客户端发来的SQL语句将转换为它指定的字符集

默认情况下,上述三个变量都设为为相同的值,如果某个客户端想使用另一种字符集与服务器通信,可以修改它们,如:

[sql] set character_set_client = utf8;  set character_set_results = utf8;  set character_set_connection = utf8;  
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或者,更简单的方法是使用如下一条语句也能达到相同的效果:

[sql] set names 'utf8';  
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