An advanced guide to Python syntax: from basics to mastery

Basic Grammar Review

• Data type: python Provides a variety of data types, such as integers, floating point numbers, Strings, Boolean values ​​and lists.
• Operators: Python supports arithmetic operators (, -, *, /), comparison operators (==, !=, >, <) and logical operators (and, or , not).
• Control flow: Conditional statements (if, elif, else) and loop statements (while, for) control the program execution flow.

function

• Define a function: Use the def keyword, followed by the function name and parameters.
• Call function: use function name and actual parameters.
• Return value: Use the return statement to return the result.

Code example:

def sum_numbers(a, b):
"""返回两个数字之和。"""
return a + b

result = sum_numbers(3, 5)# 调用函数并存储结果
print(result)# 输出结果

Classes and Objects

• Define a class: Use the class keyword, followed by the class name and method.
• Create objects: Use Class() syntax to create instances of classes.
• Object properties: Use the . operator to access object properties.
• Object methods: Use the () operator to call object methods.

Code example:

class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def get_name(self):
return self.name

person1 = Person("John", 30)# 创建对象
print(person1.get_name())# 调用对象方法

Module

• Create module: Save the Python code in the .py file, which is the module.
• Import module: Use the import statement to import the module.
• Access module members: Use the . operator to access module members.

Code example:

# my_module.py
def hello_world():
print("Hello World!")

# main.py
import my_module
my_module.hello_world()# 导入模块并调用函数

Decorator

• Define decorators: Use @ symbols and function syntax to define decorators.
• Apply decorators: Apply decorators to other functions.
• Decorator function: The decorator can modify the behavior of the decorated function, such as timing, caching or loggingrecording.

Code example:

def timer_decorator(func):
"""装饰器函数来计时被装饰函数的执行时间。"""
import time

def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
start = time.time()
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
end = time.time()
print(f"{func.__name__} took {end - start} seconds to execute.")
return result

return wrapper

@timer_decorator
def sum_numbers(a, b):
return a + b

sum_numbers(3, 5)# 调用被装饰函数

Advanced features

• Generator: The generator function generates a series of values ​​through the yield keyword, providing a memory-efficient iteration method.
• Coroutine: The coroutine function allows switching execution between multiple tasks to achieve concurrent programming.
• Metaclass: Metaclass controls the creation process of a class and allows the creation of custom class behavior.
• Package managers: Package managers such as Pip simplify the installation and management of Python packages.

Mastering these advanced features of Python syntax will significantly improve your programming abilities, allowing you to create more complex and powerful applications.

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