Home Web Front-end JS Tutorial Summary of the most basic functions of javascript_javascript skills

Summary of the most basic functions of javascript_javascript skills

May 16, 2016 pm 03:52 PM
javascript

我记得早期的 JavaScript ,要完成任何事情几乎都绕不开一些简单的函数,因为浏览器提供商实现功能有所差异,而且不只是边缘功能,基础功能也一样,如 addEventListener 和 attachEvent。虽然时代变了,但仍有一些函数是每个开发者都应该掌握的,以便于完成某些功能和提高性能。

debounce

对于高耗能事件,debounce 函数是一种不错解决方案。如果你不对 scroll、resize、和 key* 事件使用 debounce  函数,那么你几乎等同于犯了错误。下面的 debounce 函数能让你的代码保持高效:

// 返回一个函数,如果它被不间断地调用,它将不会得到执行。该函数在停止调用 N 毫秒后,再次调用它才会得到执行。如果有传递 ‘immediate' 参数,会马上将函数安排到执行队列中,而不会延迟。
function debounce(func, wait, immediate) {
  var timeout;
  return function() {
    var context = this, args = arguments;
    var later = function() {
      timeout = null;
      if (!immediate) func.apply(context, args);
    };
    var callNow = immediate && !timeout;
    clearTimeout(timeout);
    timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
    if (callNow) func.apply(context, args);
  };
};
 
// 用法
var myEfficientFn = debounce(function() {
    
// 所有繁重的操作
}, 250);
window.addEventListener('resize', myEfficientFn);
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debounce 函数不允许回调函数在指定时间内执行多于一次。当为一个会频繁触发的事件分配一个回调函数时,该函数显得尤为重要。

poll

尽管上面我提及了 debounce 函数,但如果事件不存在时,你就不能插入一个事件以判断所需的状态,那么就需要每隔一段时间去检查状态是否达到你的要求。

function poll(fn, callback, errback, timeout, interval) {
  var endTime = Number(new Date()) + (timeout || 2000);
  interval = interval || 100;
 
  (function p() {
      
// 如果条件满足,则执行!
      if(fn()) {
        callback();
      }
      
// 如果条件不满足,但并未超时,再来一次
      else if (Number(new Date()) < endTime) {
        setTimeout(p, interval);
      }
      
// 不匹配且时间消耗过长,则拒绝!
      else {
        errback(new Error('timed out for ' + fn + ': ' + arguments));
      }
  })();
}
 
// 用法:确保元素可见
poll(
  function() {
    return document.getElementById('lightbox').offsetWidth > 0;
  },
  function() {
    
// 执行,成功的回调函数
  },
  function() {
    
// 错误,失败的回调函数
  }
);
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Polling 在 web 中已被应用很长时间了,并在将来仍会被使用。

once

有时候,你想让一个给定的功能只发生一次,类似于 onload 事件。下面的代码提供了你所说的功能:

function once(fn, context) { 
  var result;
 
  return function() { 
    if(fn) {
      result = fn.apply(context || this, arguments);
      fn = null;
    }
 
    return result;
  };
}
 
// 用法
var canOnlyFireOnce = once(function() {
  console.log('Fired!');
});
 
canOnlyFireOnce(); 
// "Fired!"
canOnlyFireOnce(); 
// nada 
          
// 没有执行指定函数
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once 函数确保给定函数只能被调用一次,从而防止重复初始化!

getAbsoluteUrl

从一个字符串变量得到一个绝对 URL,并不是你想象中这么简单。对于某些 URL 构造器,如果你不提供必要的参数就会出问题(而有时候你真的不知道提供什么参数)。下面有一个优雅的技巧,只需要你传递一个字符串就能得到相应的绝对 URL。

var getAbsoluteUrl = (function() {
  var a;
 
  return function(url) {
    if(!a) a = document.createElement('a');
    a.href = url;
 
    return a.href;
  };
})();
 
// 用法
getAbsoluteUrl('/something'); 
// http://davidwalsh.name/something
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a 元素的 href 处理和 url 处理看似无意义,而 return 语句返回了一个可靠的绝对 URL。

isNative

如果你想知道一个指定函数是否是原生的,或者能不能通过声明来覆盖它。下面这段便于使用的代码能给你答案:

;(function() {
 
 
// 用于处理传入参数 value 的内部 `[[Class]]` 
 var toString = Object.prototype.toString;
 
 
// 用于解析函数的反编译代码
 var fnToString = Function.prototype.toString;
 
 
// 用于检测宿主构造器 (Safari > 4 ;真的输出特定的数组)
 var reHostCtor = /^[object .+&#63;Constructor]$/;
 
 
// 用一个标准的原生方法作为模板,编译一个正则表达式。
 
// 我们选择 'Object#toString' 因为它一般不会被污染。
 var reNative = RegExp('^' +
  
// 将 'Object#toString' 强制转为字符串 
  String(toString)
  
// 转义所有指定的正则表达式字符
  .replace(/[.*+&#63;^${}()|[]/]/g, '$&')
  
// 用 '.*&#63;' 替换提及的 'toString' ,以保持模板的通用性。
  
// 将 'for ...' 之类的字符替换掉,以兼容 Rhino 等环境,因为这些环境添加了额外的信息,如方法参数数量。
  .replace(/toString|(function).*&#63;(&#63;=()| for .+&#63;(&#63;=])/g, '$1.*&#63;') + '$'
 );
 
 function isNative(value) {
  var type = typeof value;
  return type == 'function'
   
// 用 'Function#toString' (fnToString)绕过了值(value)本身的 'toString' 方法,以免被伪造所欺骗。
   &#63; reNative.test(fnToString.call(value))
   
// 回退到宿主对象的检查,因为某些环境(浏览器)将类型数组(typed arrays)之类的东西当作 DOM 方法,此时可能不遵循标准的原生正则表达式。
   : (value && type == 'object' && reHostCtor.test(toString.call(value))) || false;
 }
 
 
// 导出函数
 module.exports = isNative;
}());
 
// 用法
isNative(alert); 
// true
isNative(myCustomFunction); 
// false
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这个函数虽不完美,但它能完成任务!

insertRule

我们都知道能通过选择器(通过 document.querySelectorAll )获取一个 NodeList ,并可为每个元素设置样式,但有什么更高效的方法为选择器设置样式呢(例如你可以在样式表里完成):

var sheet = (function() {
    
// 创建 <style> 标签
  var style = document.createElement('style');
 
    
// 如果你需要指定媒介类型,则可以在此添加一个 media (和/或 media query) 
  
// style.setAttribute('media', 'screen')
  
// style.setAttribute('media', 'only screen and (max-width : 1024px)')
 
  
// WebKit hack :(
  style.appendChild(document.createTextNode(''));
 
    
// 将 <style> 元素添加到页面
  document.head.appendChild(style);
 
  return style.sheet;
})();
 
// 用法
sheet.insertRule("header { float: left; opacity: 0.8; }", 1);
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这对于一个动态且重度依赖 AJAX 的网站来说是特别有用的。如果你为一个选择器设置样式,那么你就不需要为每个匹配到的元素都设置样式(现在或将来)。

matchesSelector
我们经常会在进行下一步操作前进行输入校验,以确保是一个可靠值,或确保表单数据是有效的,等等。但我们平时是怎么确保一个元素是否有资格进行进一步操作呢?如果一个元素有给定匹配的选择器,那么你可以使用 matchesSelector 函数来校验:

function matchesSelector(el, selector) {
  var p = Element.prototype;
  var f = p.matches || p.webkitMatchesSelector || p.mozMatchesSelector || p.msMatchesSelector || function(s) {
    return [].indexOf.call(document.querySelectorAll(s), this) !== -1;
  };
  return f.call(el, selector);
}
 
// 用法
matchesSelector(document.getElementById('myDiv'), 'div.someSelector[some-attribute=true]')

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就这样啦,上述 7 个 JavaScript 函数是每个开发者都应该时刻记着的。有哪个函数我错过了呢?请把它分享出来!

以上所述就是本文的全部内容了,希望大家能够喜欢。

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