改善MySQL上16进制标识符性能的5种方法_MySQL
bitsCN.com
这里讲得是如何在使用16进制大数据的情况下保持好的性能,主要讲的是MySQL数据库,对其他数据库应该也起作用。
一、小心你的字符编码
看一下下面这个SQL语句:
mysql> explain select * from t where id = ’0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661′G
*************************** 1. row
***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: t
type: const
possible_keys: PRIMARY
key: PRIMARY
key_len: 98
ref: const
rows: 1
Extra: Using index
为什么索引是98byte?简单,因为我们用的是UTF-8:
CREATE TABLE `t` (
`id` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
没有必要用UTF-8存储16进制数据,采用UTF-8存储16进制数据不会增加磁盘空间的占用,但是当你使用排序(order by)、统计(group by)、隐式临时表(MySQL查询时自建的临时表)等的时候,需要耗费多达3倍的内存和硬盘空间,至少在MySQL上是这样的。
二、使用固定长度,不要有空值
可以看到上面那个表采用的是varchar字段,我们都知道varchar是一个变长字段,如果你确认所有的数据都一样长(比如像md5()出来的,都是32个字节),最好使用char()定长字段,另外就是如果字段中不可能有空值,最好指定为not null
三、使用二进制数据存储
实际上,你并不需要存储字符串,16进制字符串不过是数字的另一种表现形式,直接保存数字。比如:00000000000000000000000000002E2A是什么呢?这正是16进制数字11818,使用一个4字节(或者更少)的整型代替一个32字节的字符存储更好。
问题是MySQL没有合适的类型来存储这么大的数字,它们比BIGINT还要大很多,不过MySQL允许我们存储到BINARY字段,数据更紧凑比较起来更快速,可以使用HEX()和UNHEX()来转换格式,或者16进制操作符’x’
mysql> select x’7861707262′;
+―――――+
| x’7861707262′ |
+―――――+
| xaprb |
+―――――+
用BINARY(16)代替varchar(32)之后:
explain select * from t where id = x’0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661′G
*************************** 1. row
***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: t
type: const
possible_keys: PRIMARY
key: PRIMARY
key_len: 16
ref: const
rows: 1
Extra: Using index
索引长度变成16字节了(对比原来98字节),减小了不少,如果你使用的是UUID(),存入之前先用replace()把”-”题换掉。
四、使用前缀索引
很多时候,我们不需要索引全部字段,索引字段的前8~10个字符就可以了,如果你当前存储的是字符串,这很有用,不用转换成BINARY,只是改变索引策略而已。
你可以通过类似下面的SQL语句判断合适的前缀索引个数:
mysql> select count(distinct id), count(distinct left(id, 8)), count(distinct left(id, 9)) from tG
*************************** 1. row ***************************
count(distinct id): 2
count(distinct left(id, 8)): 2
count(distinct left(id, 9)): 2
找一个差不多行就可以,不一定要索引“唯一”。
五、创建hash索引
直接上代码,不用多余的解释:
mysql> alter table t add crc int unsigned not null, add key(crc);
mysql> update t set crc=crc32(id);
mysql> explain select * from t use index(crc) where id = ’0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661′ and crc=crc32(’0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661′)G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: t
type: ref
possible_keys: crc
key: crc
key_len: 4
ref: const
rows: 1
Extra: Using where
使用crc32()获取到字符串的校验值,一般这样的碰撞概率不会太大,索引数字比索引字符不知道要快多少,极力推荐,不仅仅适用16进制字符,任意字符也适合:
mysql> select crc32(‘good good study, and day day up!’);
+――――――――――――――-+
| crc32(‘good good study, and day day up!’) |
+――――――――――――――-+
| 2265998365 |
+――――――――――――――-+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
总结:
16进制标识符让表和索引的变大,降低比较和查找的速度,建议非不得已不要使用,如果非要使用,希望上面的五条建议对你有用。
bitsCN.com
Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Hot Topics



Go language is an efficient, concise and easy-to-learn programming language. It is favored by developers because of its advantages in concurrent programming and network programming. In actual development, database operations are an indispensable part. This article will introduce how to use Go language to implement database addition, deletion, modification and query operations. In Go language, we usually use third-party libraries to operate databases, such as commonly used sql packages, gorm, etc. Here we take the sql package as an example to introduce how to implement the addition, deletion, modification and query operations of the database. Assume we are using a MySQL database.

Hibernate polymorphic mapping can map inherited classes to the database and provides the following mapping types: joined-subclass: Create a separate table for the subclass, including all columns of the parent class. table-per-class: Create a separate table for subclasses, containing only subclass-specific columns. union-subclass: similar to joined-subclass, but the parent class table unions all subclass columns.

Apple's latest releases of iOS18, iPadOS18 and macOS Sequoia systems have added an important feature to the Photos application, designed to help users easily recover photos and videos lost or damaged due to various reasons. The new feature introduces an album called "Recovered" in the Tools section of the Photos app that will automatically appear when a user has pictures or videos on their device that are not part of their photo library. The emergence of the "Recovered" album provides a solution for photos and videos lost due to database corruption, the camera application not saving to the photo library correctly, or a third-party application managing the photo library. Users only need a few simple steps

HTML cannot read the database directly, but it can be achieved through JavaScript and AJAX. The steps include establishing a database connection, sending a query, processing the response, and updating the page. This article provides a practical example of using JavaScript, AJAX and PHP to read data from a MySQL database, showing how to dynamically display query results in an HTML page. This example uses XMLHttpRequest to establish a database connection, send a query and process the response, thereby filling data into page elements and realizing the function of HTML reading the database.

How to use MySQLi to establish a database connection in PHP: Include MySQLi extension (require_once) Create connection function (functionconnect_to_db) Call connection function ($conn=connect_to_db()) Execute query ($result=$conn->query()) Close connection ( $conn->close())

To handle database connection errors in PHP, you can use the following steps: Use mysqli_connect_errno() to obtain the error code. Use mysqli_connect_error() to get the error message. By capturing and logging these error messages, database connection issues can be easily identified and resolved, ensuring the smooth running of your application.

PHP is a back-end programming language widely used in website development. It has powerful database operation functions and is often used to interact with databases such as MySQL. However, due to the complexity of Chinese character encoding, problems often arise when dealing with Chinese garbled characters in the database. This article will introduce the skills and practices of PHP in handling Chinese garbled characters in databases, including common causes of garbled characters, solutions and specific code examples. Common reasons for garbled characters are incorrect database character set settings: the correct character set needs to be selected when creating the database, such as utf8 or u

Analysis of the basic principles of the MySQL database management system MySQL is a commonly used relational database management system that uses structured query language (SQL) for data storage and management. This article will introduce the basic principles of the MySQL database management system, including database creation, data table design, data addition, deletion, modification, and other operations, and provide specific code examples. 1. Database Creation In MySQL, you first need to create a database instance to store data. The following code can create a file named "my
