Table of Contents
数值型类型
日期和时间数据类型
Home Database Mysql Tutorial MySql数据类型简介_MySQL

MySql数据类型简介_MySQL

Jun 01, 2016 pm 01:50 PM
Reference book database article

bitsCN.com

  以前使用数据库的时候不是很注意列类型的选择,今天终于有时间小结一下。文章参考了MySql5.1参考手册,《MySql必知必会》等,并无太多个人的经验成分。欢迎大家补充。

  MySql常用数据类型定义了列中可以存储什么数据以及这些数据实际怎么存储。大致可以分为三类:

  1. 数值型类型
  2. 日期和时间
  3. 字符串

数值型类型

  MySql支持多种数值数据类型,有不同的取值范围。其中大部分的数值数据类型都可以有符号或者无符号(BIT无符号),默认的是有符号。数值型类型包括严格数值数据类型(INTEGER、SMALLINT、DECIMAL和NUMERIC),以及近似数值数据类型(FLOAT、REAL和DOUBLE PRECISION)。作为SQL标准的扩展,MySQL也支持整数类型TINYINT、MEDIUMINT和BIGINT。下面的表显示了需要的每个整数类型的存储和范围。对于浮点列类型,在MySQL中单精度值使用4个字节,双精度值使用8个字节。

  DECIMAL和NUMERIC类型在MySQL中视为相同的类型。它们用于保存必须为确切精度的值,例如货币数据。当声明该类型的列时,可以(并且通常要)指定精度和标度;例如:salary DECIMAL(5,2)

  FLOAT类型和DOUBLE类型用于表示近似数值数据类型。

  关于浮点数和定点数需要注意的

  1. 浮点数存在误差。
  2. 对货币等精度敏感的数据,应该用定点数表示和存储。
  3. 编程中,尽量避免浮点数的比较。
  4. 注意浮点数中特殊值的处理。

 

日期和时间数据类型

数据类型 说明
DATA 表示1000-01-01~9999-12-31之间的日期,格式为yyyy-mm-dd
TIME 格式为HH:MM:SS
DATATIME DATA和TIME的组合
TIMESTAMP 功能和DATETIME相同,但是范围较小
YEAR 若2位数字表示,范围是1970~2069年。若是用4位表示,范围是1901~2155年。


字符串类型

  有两种基本的串类型,分别为定长串,变长串。CHAR属于顶长性,VARCHAR、BLOB和TEXT类是变长类型。每个类型的存储需求取决于列值的实际长度(用前面的表中的L表示),而不是该类型的最大可能的大小。例如,VARCHAR(10)列可以容纳最大长度为10的字符串。实际存储需求是字符串(L)的长度,加上一个记录字符串长度的字节。对于字符串'abcd',L是4,存储需要5个字节。关于字符串类型的详细说明请看:http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/zh/column-types.html#string-types下面重点比较VARCHAR和CHAR。

CHAR: 接受长度固定的字符串,长度在创建表时指定。char不允许多于指定的字符数目,分配的空间和指定的一样多。

VARCHA: 只有指定的数据得到保存(额外的数据不保存)。varchar可以指定最大长度。 

两者区别:

  1. 存储长度不同。
  2. 处理char的速度比varchar快得多。
  3. MySql不允许对varchar进行索引。
  4. char的尾部空格不保存,即是截断。
  5. 同CHAR对比,VARCHAR值保存时只保存需要的字符数,另加一个字节来记录长度(如果列声明的长度超过255,则使用两个字节)。

 

CHAR(4)

存储需求

VARCHAR(4)

存储需求

''

'    '

4个字节

''

1个字节

'ab'

'ab  '

4个字节

'ab '

3个字节

'abcd'

'abcd'

4个字节

'abcd'

5个字节

'abcdefgh'

'abcd'

4个字节

'abcd'

5个字节

 

  下面有一个例子,可以说明尾部阶段的问题:
mysql> create table vc (v varchar(4),c char(4));

mysql> insert into vc values ('ab ','ab ');

mysql> select concat(v,'+'),concat(c,'+') from vc;
+---------------+---------------+
| concat(v,'+')   | concat(c,'+')    |
+---------------+---------------+
| ab +               | ab+ |
+---------------+---------------+

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