The secret of the underlying technology of Go language: What is used to implement it?

"The secret of the underlying technology of Go language: What is used to implement it?" 》

Go language is an elegant and efficient programming language that is welcomed by many developers. Its design is simple and easy to learn, but what underlying technology is used behind it to achieve these efficient features? This article will delve into the underlying technology of the Go language and decipher the implementation principles behind it.

1. Concurrency model of Go language

Go language is famous for its unique goroutine concurrency model. Goroutine is a lightweight thread in the Go language that can efficiently implement concurrent programming. So, how does the underlying layer implement this concurrency model? Let's look at a piece of code:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)

func main() {
    go func() {
        for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
            fmt.Println("goroutine: ", i)
            time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
        }
    }()

    for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
        fmt.Println("main: ", i)
        time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
    }
}

In this code, we start a goroutine and an ordinary program, which will output information alternately. How is this concurrency model implemented? In fact, the bottom layer of the Go language uses technology based on the M:N scheduler, that is, multiple goroutines correspond to a small number of system threads (M), and these system threads are scheduled to the threads (N) of the operating system for execution. In this way, the Go language implements an efficient concurrency model.

2. Garbage collection of Go language

Go language has the feature of automatic garbage collection, and developers do not need to manually manage memory. So, how does the Go language implement garbage collection? Let's look at the following code:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)

func createObjects() {
    for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
        obj := make([]int, 1000)
        _ = obj
        time.Sleep(1 * time.Millisecond)
    }
}

func main() {
    createObjects()
    for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
        fmt.Println("Main function")
        time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
    }
}

In this code, we create a large number of objects and let the program run for a while. The garbage collector of the Go language will scan and reclaim unused memory at the appropriate time, thereby reducing the occurrence of memory leaks. In the design of Go language, technologies such as mark-sweep algorithm and three-color marking algorithm are used to achieve efficient garbage collection.

3. Network programming in Go language

Go language has a built-in powerful network programming library that supports TCP, UDP, HTTP and other protocols. So, how does the Go language implement these network functions? Let's look at a simple network programming example:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "net"
)

func handleConnection(conn net.Conn) {
    conn.Write([]byte("Hello from server"))
    conn.Close()
}

func main() {
    ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":8888")
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println("Error listening:", err.Error())
        return
    }
    defer ln.Close()
    fmt.Println("Listening on :8888")
    
    for {
        conn, err := ln.Accept()
        if err != nil {
            fmt.Println("Error accepting: ", err.Error())
            continue
        }
        go handleConnection(conn)
    }
}

In this code, we create a simple TCP server, listen to port 8888, and handle client connections. The bottom layer of Go language uses the net package in the standard library to implement network programming, and the bottom layer uses technologies such as epoll or select to achieve efficient network communication.

Summary

Go language is an efficient and concise programming language, and its underlying technology implements many excellent features. By in-depth learning of the underlying technology, we can better understand and use the Go language and write more efficient and stable programs. I hope that through the introduction of this article, readers can have a deeper understanding of the implementation principles of the underlying technology of the Go language.

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