用特殊的MySQL运算符获得更多数据比较功能_MySQL
如果你在最近进行过SELECT或UPDATE查询,那么你很可能用到过一个或者多个MySQL的比较运算符来限制查询的输出结果。比较是大多数SELECT查询不可分割的一部分,而MySQL为这一功能提供了很多函数;根据最近一次统计,它有超过20个这样的运算符和函数,从着名的=和LIKE到更加难懂的NOT IN和STRCMP()。
本文把重点放在一些不太常见的MySQL数据比较函数和运算符上,讨论它们可以被如何运用在应用程序里比较表格字段里的字符串、数字和日期/时间或者用户提供的值。
BETWEEN
BETWEEN运算符是测试在某个范围内是否存在一个数值或者日期值的有用方式。这个运算符接受两个参数——最大值和最小值,并测试所提供的值是否在这两个值的范围之内。如果在这个范围之内,运算符就返回一个布尔值——真;否则,它就返回一个伪值。下面就是一个例子:
mysql> SELECT 2350 BETWEEN 100 AND 10000;
+--------------------------------------------+
| 2350 BETWEEN 100 AND 10000 |
+--------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+--------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.18 sec)
下面两个例子用到了日期值:
mysql> SELECT 20060405 BETWEEN 20060101 AND 20070101;
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 20060405 BETWEEN 20060101 AND 20070101 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT 20060405 BETWEEN 20060101 AND 20060401;
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 20060405 BETWEEN 20060101 AND 20060401 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 0 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
GREATEST和LEAST
GREATEST和LEAST运算符为判断一组数字或者时间值中最大和最小值提供了一个便捷的途径。你一看名字就知道这两个运算符的作用——下面是一个对一组日期使用GREATEST运算符的例子:
mysql> SELECT GREATEST(20000601, 20000529, 20000604);
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GREATEST(20000601, 20000529, 20000604) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 20000604 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
而下面是一个对一组数值使用LEAST运算符的例子:
mysql> SELECT LEAST(100, 200, 50, -6, -73, 1000);
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| LEAST(100, 200, 50, -6, -73, 1000) |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| -73 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)
IN
IN是一种用来测试在预先指定的选项列表里是否存在某个特定值的有用运算符。它可以用在数字、字符和时间值上。它接受两个参数——要被测试的值和选项列表。下面就是一个使用字符串的例子:
mysql> SELECT 'c' IN ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd');
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 'c' IN ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd') |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
下面一个例子用到了数字:
mysql> SELECT 1 IN (3,4,5);
+-----------------------------+
| 1 IN (3,4,5) |
+-----------------------------+
| 0 |
+-----------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
COALESCE
COALESCE运算符在区分列表中NULL和非NULL值上十分有用。利用提供的值的列表,它会返回列表中第一个非NULL的值,或者,如果不存在非NULL的值,它就会返回一个NULL。这在你有一个同时含有NULL和实际内容的列,并且希望快速地“跳到”第一个非NULL的记录时尤其方便。下面就是一个例子:
mysql> SELECT COALESCE(NULL, 'bat', 12, NULL);
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| COALESCE(NULL, 'bat', 12, NULL) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| bat |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
INTERVAL
INTERVAL运算符提供另外一种对数字及其范围的控制。它接受一个数字列表(N0, N1, N2...),将N0与剩下的所有数字比较,返回大于N0的最小数字所处的位置索引。数字N1, N2...必须按升序排列。
看看下面的例子,它将数字24与列表里的数字(5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30)进行比较:
mysql> SELECT INTERVAL (24, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30);
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| INTERVAL (24, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30) |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
1
row in set (0.07 sec)
在这个例子中,24比25(索引位置4)小,但是比20(索引位置3)大,因此它的INTERVAL是4。
STRCMP
STRCMP()函数是MySQL里比较字符串的最简单方式之一。这个函数接受两个参数——要被比较的字符串。如果这个两个字符串相同,它就返回0;如果第一个大于第二个,它就返回1;如果第一个小于第二个,它就返回-1。比较的结果完全依赖当前使用时的字符集。下面就是几个例子:
mysql> SELECT STRCMP('hell', 'hell');
+---------------------------------------+
| STRCMP('hell', 'hell') |
+---------------------------------------+
| 0 |
+---------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT STRCMP('bell', 'hell');
+---------------------------------------+
| STRCMP('bell', 'hell') |
+---------------------------------------+
| -1 |
+---------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
REGEXP
要进行更加复杂的字符串比较,REGEXP函数常常要比用滥了的LIKE语句更加强大。这个函数会把一个表达式与一个正则表达式模式进行比较,如果找到匹配的,它就返回布尔值——真。下面是这样一个例子:
mysql> SELECT 'The Matrix' REGEXP '[u-z]

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