Home Database Mysql Tutorial 理清mysql外链的含义和命令_MySQL

理清mysql外链的含义和命令_MySQL

Jun 01, 2016 pm 02:02 PM

通常说到外键,只会提到“外键的目的是确定资料的参考完整性(referential integrity)。”,但是外键具体包含哪些动作和含义呢?

1、设置外链:

(1)、通过create table创建外键:

看2行代码,是建表中的命令:

create table city(
......
key idx_fk_country_id (country_id),
constraint fk_city_country Foreign Key(country_id) Reference
s country(country_id) on DELETE restrict ON update cascade ON Delete cascade
)...

注:ON update cascade ON Delete cascade级联更新和级联删除。

通常在设置外链时,都会先设置外链字段的索引,如上:key idx_fk_country_id (country_id),但这不是非必需的,上面代码中:

key idx_fk_country_id (country_id),
constraint fk_city_country

这些是可以省去的,直接从FOREIGN KEY开始。当然,如果要给外链命名,则constraint 是必需要的,

如果没有key idx_fk_country_id (country_id),这行时,在设置外链后,mysql会自动加上key索引(即标准index索引).可以在建完表后用show create table city;来查看。

(2)、通过alter table创建外键:——注意命令中不是用 modify。而是add

ALTER TABLE city ADD INDEX idx_city(countryid);

ALTER TABLE city ADD CONSTRAINT fk_city_country FOREIGN KEY (countryid) REFERENCES country(country_id) ON DELETE CASCADE;

2、删除外键:

ALTER TABLE tbname DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_fkname;

但是如果定义时没有指定CONSTRAINT fk_fkname(即外键符号)时该怎么删除呢?别急,没有指定时,MySQL会自己创建一个,可以通过以下命令查看:SHOW CREATE TABLE tbname;然后再执行上面的命令。

3、外链的具体动作:

注意,on DELETE restrict和on DELETE cascade不能同时定义

默认动作1:

当增加子表中外键值时,如果父表主键不存在该值时,则禁止插入。

默认动作2:

当主表删除某记录时,如果子表有对应该录的内容时,禁止删除

因此,上面的可以on DELETE restrict略去。

非默认动作——级联更新:

当父表更新主键时,如果子表有对应记录,则自动更新子表,这一动作用ON update cascade来实现。

非默认动作——级联删除:

当父表更新主键时,如果子表有对应记录,则自动更新子表,这一动作用ON Delete cascade来实现。

4、外键的其它参数:

a、set null : 表示父表在更新或删除时,子表对应的字段被set null.

b、no action : 和restrict相同,限制在子表有关联记录的情况下父表不能更新。

5、临时关闭外键检查:

常用于:

A、导入多个表数据时,需要忽略之前表的导入顺序,

B、执行LOAD DATA和ALTER TABLE操作时。

命令:

set foreign_key_checks=0

完成之后,重新开启外键检查用set foreign_key_checks=1;来恢复

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