Home Database Mysql Tutorial 使用MySQL内建复制功能来最佳化可用性(一)_MySQL

使用MySQL内建复制功能来最佳化可用性(一)_MySQL

Jun 01, 2016 pm 02:04 PM
mysql one Host use Function Available copy optimal server

作者:Michael Tanoviceanu 翻译:limodou

 

在Soundbreak我们每天24小时不间断地播放实况音频和视频,所以对于MySQL的新增的复制特性,我们
不能做出很令人信服的测试。通过测试我们发现,可以使用这个特性来与备份数据库服务器保持数据同步,
这样当主服务器因为某种原因处理失效时,能够使用备份机处理所有的查询。对于这样的要求,配置两台服
务器并不困难。我将详细讨论整个处理过程,同时讨论一下当主服务器失效时,如何使用PHP来重定向查询。

MySQL内部复制功能是建立在两个或两个以上服务器之间,通过设定它们之间的主-从关系来实现的。其
中一个作为主服务器,其它的作为从服务器。我将详细讨论如何配置两台服务器,将一个设为主服务器,另
一个设为从服务器。并且描述一下在它们之间进行切换的处理过程。我是在MySQL的3.23.23版本上进行的配
置设置过程,并且也是在这个版本上进行的测试。MySQL开发人员建议最好使用最新版本,并且主-从服务器
均使用相同的版本。同时MySQL 3.23版本仍然是beta测试版,而且这个版本可能不能向下兼容。所以因为这
个原因,在实际的网站中,我现在还没有使用这个版本。拥有容错能力具有一个好处是,在不需中断任何查
询的情况下,对服务器进行升级。

第一步:配置主服务器
在这篇文章的剩下篇幅中,我将指定两台服务器。A(IP为10.1.1.1)作为主服务器(简称为主机)。B
(IP为10.1.1.2)作为后备服务器(简称为备机)。

MySQL的复制功能的实现过程为:备机(B)与主机(A)连接,然后读出主机的二进制更新日志,再将发生
的变化合并到自已的数据库中。备机需要一个用户帐号来与主机连接,所以在主机上创建一个帐号,并只给
它FILE权限,如下操作:

GRANT FILE ON *.* TO replicate@10.1.1.2 IDENTIFIED BY 'password';

为了备机能够与主机连接,要在主机上运行'FLUSH PRIVILEGES',不过不要担心,因为我们将在下面的
步骤中停掉服务器。

现在我们需要主机数据库的一个快照,并且对主机进行配置,允许生成二进制的更新日志。首先编辑
'my.cnf'文件,以便允许二进制更新日志,所以在[mysqld]部分的下面某个地方增加一行:'log-bin'。在
下一次服务器启动时,主机将生成二进制更新日志(名为:<主机名>-bin.<增量序号#>)。为了让二进制更新
日志有效,关闭MySQL服务程序,然后将主机上的所有数据库目录到另一个目录中,接着重新启动mysqld。
请确定得到了所有数据库,否则在进行复制时,如果一个表在主机上存在但在备机上不存在,将因为出错而
退出。现在你已经得到了数据的快照,和一个从建立快照以来的二进制日志,上面记录着任何对数据库的修
改。请注意MySQL数据文件(*.MYD,*.MYI和*.frm)是依赖于文件系统的,所以你不能仅仅进行文件传输,如
从Solaris到Linux。如果你处于一个异种的服务器环境,你将不得不使用mysqldump实用程序或其它的定制
脚本来得到数据快照。

第二步:配置备机
让我们继续。停掉备机上的MySQL服务程序,并且把从主机上拷贝来的数据库目录移到备机上的data目
录下。请确认将目录的拥有者和属组改变为MySQL用户相应值,并且修改文件模式为660(只对拥有者和属组
可读、可写),目录本身为770(只对拥有者和属组可读、可写和可执行)。

继续。在富掀舳疢ySQL服务程序,确认MySQL工作正常。运行几个select查询(不要update或insert
查询),看一看在第一步中得到的数据快照是否成功。接着,在测试成功后关掉MySQL服务程序。

在备机上配置需要访问的主机,以便接收主机的更改。所以需要编辑务机上的'my.cnf'文件,在[mysqld]
部分中增加下面几行:

master-host=10.1.1.1
master-user=replicate
master-password=password

在启动备机服务程序后,备机服务程序将查看在'my.cnf'文件中所指定的主机,查看是否有改变,并且
将这些改变合并到自已的数据库中。备机保持了主机的更新记录,这些记录是从主机的'master.info'文件中
接收下来的。备机线程的状态可以通过sql命令'SHOW SLAVE-STATUS'看到。在备机上处理二进制日志中如果
发生错误,都将导致备机线程的退出,并且在*.err的日志文件中生成一条信息。然后错误可以被改正,接着
可以使用sql语句'SLAVE START'来重新启动备机线程。线程将从主机二进制日志处理中断的地方继续处理。

至此,在主机上所发生的数据改变应该已经复制到备机上了,要测试它,你可以在主机上插入或更新一
条记录,而在备机上选择这条记录。

现在我们拥有了从A机到B机的这种主-从关系,这样当A机可能当机的时候,允许我们将所有的查询重定
向到B机上去,但是当A机恢复时,我们没有办法将发生的改变恢复到A机中去。为了解决这个问题,我们创建
从B机到A机的主-从关系。

自:PHPBuilder.com

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