数据库正规化和设计技巧_MySQL
在动态网站的设计中，数据库设计的重要性不言而喻。如果设计不当,查询起来就非常吃力，程序的性能也会受到影响。无论你使用的是mySQL或者Oracle数据库，通过进行正规化的表格设计，可以令你的PHP代码更具可读性，更容易扩展，从而也会提升应用的性能。
简单说来，正规化就是在表格设计时，消除冗余性和不协调的从属关系。在本文中，我将通过五个渐进的过程来告诉你在设计中应该了解的正规化技巧。从而建立一个可行而且 效率高的数据库。本文也会详细分析一下可以利用的关系类型。
这里假定我们要建立一个用户信息的表格，其中要存储用户的名字、公司、公司地址和一些个人的收藏夹或url。在开始时，你可能定义一个如下的表格结构：
零状态形式
users
name company company_address url1 url2
Joe ABC 1 Work Lane abc.com xyz.com
Jill XYZ 1 Job Street abc.com xyz.com
由于没有进行任何的正规化处理，我们将这种形式的表称为零状态形式的表。留意其中的url1和url2字段---如果我们在应用中需要第三个url呢？这样你就要在表格中多加一列，很明显，这不是一个好办法。如果你要创建一个富有扩展性的系统，你就要考虑使用第一个正规化的形式，并且应用到该表格中。
第一级正规化形式
1.消除每个表格中重复的组
2.为每套相关的数据建立一个独立的表格
3.使用一个主键来标识每套相关的数据
以上的表格明显违反了上面第一条的规定，那么第三条的主键又是什么意思呢？很简单，它只是在每个记录中加入一个唯一的、自动增加的整型值。通过这个值，就可以将两个姓名一样的记录区分开来。通过应用第一级正规化形式，我们得到了以下的表格：
users
userId name company company_address url
1 Joe ABC 1 Work Lane abc.com
1 Joe ABC 1 Work Lane xyz.com
2 Jill XYZ 1 Job Street abc.com
2 Jill XYZ 1 Job Street xyz.com
现在我们的表格可以说已经处在第一级正规化的形式了，它已经解决了url字段的限制问题，不过这样的处理后又带来了一个新的问题。每次在user表中插入一条记录的时候，我们都必须重复所有的公司和用户数据。这样不仅令数据库比以前大了，而且很容易出错。因此还要经过第二级正规化处理。
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