How to solve the stack overflow problem of C++ recursive functions?

For the stack overflow problem of C recursive functions, the solutions include: reducing the recursion depth, reducing the stack frame size, and tail recursion optimization. For example, the Fibonacci sequence function can avoid stack overflow through tail recursion optimization.

#C How to solve the stack overflow problem of recursive functions?

Reason

Recursive functions create a new stack frame on the stack each time they are called. When the recursion depth is too large and the stack space is insufficient, a stack overflow will occur.

Solution

1. Reduce the recursion depth

• Look for non-recursive algorithms to replace recursion, such as iteration or memo method.
• Split recursive calls and reduce recursion depth.

2. Reduce the stack frame size

• Use local variables instead of member variables to reduce the stack frame size.
• Use value transfer instead of reference transfer to avoid redundant copies.

3. Tail recursion optimization

• #When the last call of the recursive function is tail recursive (that is, the function does not perform any other operations, directly calling itself), the compiler can perform tail-recursive optimizations. This eliminates the stack frames required for recursive calls, effectively solving the stack overflow problem.

Practical case

Consider the following Fibonacci sequence function:

// 尾递归版本
int fibonacci(int n) {
  return fibonacci_helper(n, 0, 1);
}

int fibonacci_helper(int n, int a, int b) {
  if (n == 0) return a;
  return fibonacci_helper(n-1, b, a+b);
}

This is the tail-recursive version because the last function call recurses directly into itself. The compiler will optimize it to avoid stack overflow.

The following is the non-tail recursive version:

int fibonacci(int n) {
  if (n == 0) return 0;
  if (n == 1) return 1;
  return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2);
}

For this non-tail recursive version, you can use tail recursive optimization techniques to convert it into a tail recursive version. For example, using auxiliary functions and swap operations:

int fibonacci(int n, int a = 0, int b = 1) {
  if (n == 0) return a;
  if (n == 1) return b;
  // 进行 swap 操作
  std::swap(a, b);
  return fibonacci(n-1, b, a+b);
}

By adopting tail recursion optimization or reducing the recursion depth, the stack overflow problem of recursive functions in C can be effectively solved.

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