What is the difference and connection between template specialization and template partial specialization?

The difference between template specialization and template partial specialization: specialization targets specific template types, while partial specialization targets specific parameter combinations. Specialized instances have independent members, while partial specializations share members of the original template. Contact: Partial specialization is actually a specialization type, just specify the parameters to be partial specialization.

Template specialization and template partial specialization: differences and connections

Template specialization

Template specialization allows us to provide custom implementations for specific template instances. It creates a specialized version of a template by using the template syntax.

For example:

template <typename T>
struct Example {
    T value;
};

// 将模板特化为类型 `int`
template <>
struct Example<int> {
    int value;
    int anotherValue;
};

Template partial specialization

Template partial specialization allows us to provide a template for a specific combination of parameters. Custom implementation. It creates a partially specialized version of the template by using the template <...> syntax, where ... specifies the parameters to be partially specialized.

For example:

template <typename T, typename U>
struct Pair {
    T first;
    U second;
};

// 将模板偏特化为 `(int, double)`
template <typename T>
struct Pair<T, double> {
    T first;
    double second;
};

Difference

## Template specialization specializes for a specific template type, while template Partial specialization specializes for a specific combination of parameters.
Specialized template instances have their own independent members and methods, while partially specialized template instances share members and methods with the original template.

Contact

Template partial specialization is actually a kind of template specialization. For a given template, the
• template <...> syntax can be thought of as template , where T1 , T2, ..., Tn are type parameters to be partially specialized.

Practical case

Case:Calculate the area of ​​various shapes

Solution:

// Shape 基类
struct Shape {
    virtual double area() = 0;
};

// Circle 类
struct Circle : public Shape {
    double radius;
    double area() override { return 3.14159 * radius * radius; }
};

// Rectangle 类
struct Rectangle : public Shape {
    double length;
    double width;
    double area() override { return length * width; }
};

// Square 类（Rectangle 的特化）
struct Square : public Rectangle {
    double side;
    double area() override { return side * side; }
};

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