What is Based Rollup that can inherit the activity of Ethereum?

With the completion of the Cancun upgrade and the reduction of L2 Gas costs, the market focus has returned to L2 again. There are currently two main categories of Rollup L2 solutions: Optimistic Rollup and ZK Rollup. Optimistic Rollup occupies the majority of the market share due to its mature market application. However, there are some problems with both Optimistic Rollup and ZK Rollup. In order to solve these limitations and further optimize efficiency and decentralization features, Based Rollup came into being. It not only simplifies technical complexity and reduces transaction delays, but is also the only solution that fully inherits the liveness of Ethereum. Among all known projects, currently only the ZK Rollup team Taiko is developing a solution based on Based Rollup.

Problems with Existing Rollups

Optimistic Rollups require a longer challenge window when confirming transactions, usually 7 days, in order to correct potential fraud. This design results in a longer waiting period before funds can be withdrawn, slowing down the overall transaction process. Moreover, during the peak period of the Ethereum network, Optimistic Rollup will involve high gas fees when processing fraud proofs. Although ZK Rollup can provide faster transaction confirmation time and can reduce transaction data storage on the chain to save costs, it requires a large amount of computing resources and time in the process of generating zero-knowledge proofs, resulting in costs and transaction processing Speed ​​(TPS) is affected.

In short, the technical complexity of Optimistic Rollup and ZK Rollup requires them to maintain a complex set of infrastructure and security mechanisms to process and verify L2 transactions, which has a negative impact on transaction costs and network efficiency. Influence.

Based Rollup Solution

Ethereum Foundation researcher Justin Drake proposed Based Rollup in March 2023, which can effectively overcome these problems. Based Rollup, also known as L1-sequenced Rollup, is a Rollup whose ordering is driven entirely by the underlying L1. This design allows L1 proposers to collaborate permissionlessly with L2 searchers and builders by including Rollup blocks directly in L1 blocks, outsourcing ordering rights to L1 validators. Based Rollup's consensus layer, data availability layer, and settlement layer are all Ethereum. Only the execution layer is built on the Rollup network and is responsible for processing transaction execution and status updates. It is worth noting that Based Rollup solves the problem of Rollup efficiency from the perspective of sorting, which is different from Optimistic Rollup and ZK Rollup from the perspective of verification. Because the dimensions are different, it does not conflict with the classification of OP and ZK. That is to say, if Optimistic Rollup or ZK Rollup outsources the sorting rights to the L1 verifier, it can be called Based Rollup.

Based Rollup works by shifting the responsibility for transaction ordering to L1, inheriting its safety and liveness while optimizing L2 performance. It is the only Rollup scheme that inherits 100% liveness of Ethereum. This design brings the following advantages:

• Full inheritance of liveness: Based Rollup’s security and decentralization are consistent with Ethereum, without the need for additional security mechanisms or consensus Algorithms to ensure the validity and order of transactions. Compared with Rollup with escape hatch mechanism, it is safer, faster and more convenient. In a Rollup with an escape pod mechanism, if the Rollup fails or is attacked, users can safely return their funds to L1 through the escape pod, but must wait for a period before settlement is guaranteed.

• Simplified technical complexity: Additional complexity and potential security risks are introduced when L2 needs to handle transaction ordering and data availability issues on its own. Transferring the responsibility for ordering to L1 simplifies the structure of L2, requiring no sequencer signature verification, no escape hatches, and no external PoS consensus.

• Reduce latency: Using L1 to sort transactions can quickly confirm the validity and order of transactions, thereby reducing confirmation time and improving the response speed and efficiency of the entire network.

• Reduce operating costs: Since L1 has already processed the ordering of transactions, L2 can batch and confirm transactions more efficiently on this basis, reducing the verification complexity of L2 and the The resources and costs required for sorting. This cost efficiency is even more pronounced when transaction volumes are high.

• Economic incentive consistency: L1 miners can receive additional fees and incentives for participating in L2 transaction ordering, which increases their motivation to maintain the overall health of the network. This design also helps maintain the consistency of incentives between different levels in the network, enhancing the economic security of the entire ecosystem.

Challenges faced by Based Rollup

Based Rollup can solve the current problem There are some shortcomings of the Rollup solution, but this technology also faces some challenges:

• Income limitations: Relying on L1 sorting limits the opportunity to obtain MEV, and most of the MEV of Based Rollup will flow to L1 verifier. Based Rollup itself cannot directly benefit from this.

• Sorting flexibility: Delegating ordering tasks to L1 may reduce the flexibility of ordering, affecting the implementation of specific transaction ordering strategies and fast transaction confirmation. For example, L1's sorting decision may be that miners choose to prioritize certain transactions to maximize their own interests, so implementing a sorting mechanism similar to Arbitrum's FCFS (First-Come First-Served) in Based Rollup requires additional technical support. (such as EigenLayer).

Project to build Based Rollup

Since the concept of Based Rollup has only been proposed for a year, it is a relatively new concept. , its theory and implementation details are still in the exploration and improvement stage, so there are very few projects building Based Rollup. The most well-known project at present is Taiko. Taiko is an L2 using ZK Rollup technology and developed Type-1 zkEVM, which provides exactly the same opcodes and functions as Ethereum, ensuring high compatibility with the existing Ethereum ecosystem. Shortly after the concept of Based Rollup was proposed, Taiko began to build Based Rollup, handing over transaction ordering to the verifiers of Ethereum, and using Ethereum as the settlement and data availability layer and consensus mechanism to simplify the structure of Rollup. On January 15, 2024, Taiko launched the Katla testnet and implemented Based Contestable Rollup (BCR), a Based Rollup that incorporates the dispute handling process (similar to the fraud proof system) into the transaction verification workflow.

Future Outlook

Although the development of Based Rollup may require more time and resources, as well as dual verification of market and technology. But in the long run, Based Rollup will gain an advantage in market competition due to its enhanced security, decentralized features, simplified structure and goal consistency. Especially in the DeFi field, Based Rollup shows faster transaction confirmation speed and lower transaction costs, which has significant potential advantages. It is believed that with the continuous improvement of technology and the gradual recognition of the market, Based Rollup is expected to occupy a position in the Rollup L2 solution market.

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