JavaScript solves the third-order magic square (nine-square grid)_javascript skills

Puzzle: Third-order magic square. Try to fill in the 9 different integers from 1 to 9 into a 3×3 table so that the sum of the numbers in each row, column and diagonal is the same.

Strategy: Exhaustive search. List all integer padding scenarios, then filter.

The highlight is the design of the recursive function getPermutation. At the end of the article, several non-recursive algorithms are given

// 递归算法，很巧妙，但太费资源
function getPermutation(arr) {
  if (arr.length == 1) {
    return [arr];
  }
  var permutation = [];
  for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
    var firstEle = arr[i];         //取第一个元素
    var arrClone = arr.slice(0);      //复制数组
    arrClone.splice(i, 1);         //删除第一个元素，减少数组规模
    var childPermutation = getPermutation(arrClone);//递归
    for (var j = 0; j < childPermutation.length; j++) {
      childPermutation[j].unshift(firstEle);   //将取出元素插入回去
    }
    permutation = permutation.concat(childPermutation);
  }
  return permutation;
}

function validateCandidate(candidate) {
  var sum = candidate[0] + candidate[1] + candidate[2];
  for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
    if (!(sumOfLine(candidate, i) == sum && sumOfColumn(candidate, i) == sum)) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  if (sumOfDiagonal(candidate, true) == sum && sumOfDiagonal(candidate, false) == sum) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}
function sumOfLine(candidate, line) {
  return candidate[line * 3] + candidate[line * 3 + 1] + candidate[line * 3 + 2];
}
function sumOfColumn(candidate, col) {
  return candidate[col] + candidate[col + 3] + candidate[col + 6];
}
function sumOfDiagonal(candidate, isForwardSlash) {
  return isForwardSlash &#63; candidate[2] + candidate[4] + candidate[6] : candidate[0] + candidate[4] + candidate[8];
}

var permutation = getPermutation([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
var candidate;
for (var i = 0; i < permutation.length; i++) {
  candidate = permutation[i];
  if (validateCandidate(candidate)) {
    break;
  } else {
    candidate = null;
  }
}
if (candidate) {
  console.log(candidate);
} else {
  console.log('No valid result found');
}

//求模（非递归）全排列算法

/*
算法的具体示例：
*求4个元素["a", "b", "c", "d"]的全排列, 共循环4!=24次，可从任意>=0的整数index开始循环，每次累加1，直到循环完index+23后结束；
*假设index=13（或13+24，13+224，13+3*24…），因为共4个元素，故迭代4次，则得到的这一个排列的过程为：
*第1次迭代，13/1，商=13，余数=0，故第1个元素插入第0个位置（即下标为0），得["a"]；
*第2次迭代，13/2, 商=6，余数=1，故第2个元素插入第1个位置（即下标为1），得["a", "b"]；
*第3次迭代，6/3, 商=2，余数=0，故第3个元素插入第0个位置（即下标为0），得["c", "a", "b"]；
*第4次迭代，2/4，商=0，余数=2, 故第4个元素插入第2个位置（即下标为2），得["c", "a", "d", "b"]；
*/

function perm(arr) {
  var result = new Array(arr.length);
  var fac = 1;
  for (var i = 2; i <= arr.length; i++)  //根据数组长度计算出排列个数
    fac *= i;
  for (var index = 0; index < fac; index++) { //每一个index对应一个排列
    var t = index;
    for (i = 1; i <= arr.length; i++) {   //确定每个数的位置
      var w = t % i;
      for (var j = i - 1; j > w; j--)   //移位，为result[w]留出空间
        result[j] = result[j - 1];
      result[w] = arr[i - 1];
      t = Math.floor(t / i);
    }
    if (validateCandidate(result)) {
      console.log(result);
      break;
    }
  }
}
perm([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
//很巧妙的回溯算法，非递归解决全排列

function seek(index, n) {
  var flag = false, m = n; //flag为找到位置排列的标志，m保存正在搜索哪个位置，index[n]为元素（位置编码）
  do {
    index[n]++;    //设置当前位置元素
    if (index[n] == index.length) //已无位置可用
      index[n--] = -1; //重置当前位置，回退到上一个位置
    else if (!(function () {
        for (var i = 0; i < n; i++)  //判断当前位置的设置是否与前面位置冲突
          if (index[i] == index[n]) return true;//冲突，直接回到循环前面重新设置元素值
        return false;  //不冲突，看当前位置是否是队列尾，是，找到一个排列；否，当前位置后移
      })()) //该位置未被选择
      if (m == n) //当前位置搜索完成
        flag = true;
      else
        n++;  //当前及以前的位置元素已经排好，位置后移
  } while (!flag && n >= 0)
  return flag;
}
function perm(arr) {
  var index = new Array(arr.length);
  for (var i = 0; i < index.length; i++)
    index[i] = -1;
  for (i = 0; i < index.length - 1; i++)
    seek(index, i);  //初始化为1,2,3,...,-1 ，最后一位元素为-1；注意是从小到大的，若元素不为数字，可以理解为其位置下标
  while (seek(index, index.length - 1)) {
    var temp = [];
    for (i = 0; i < index.length; i++)
      temp.push(arr[index[i]]);
    if (validateCandidate(temp)) {
      console.log(temp);
      break;
    }
  }
}
perm([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);

/*
Full permutation (non-recursive ordering) algorithm
1. Create a position array, that is, arrange the positions. After the arrangement is successful, it is converted into an arrangement of elements;
2. Find the complete arrangement according to the following algorithm:
Suppose P is a complete arrangement of 1 to n (position numbers): p = p1,p2...pn = p1,p2...pj-1,pj,pj 1...pk-1,pk,pk 1 ...pn
(1) Starting from the end of the arrangement, find the first index j that is smaller than the right position number (j is calculated from the beginning), that is, j = max{i | pi < pi 1}
(2) Among the position numbers to the right of pj, find the index k of the smallest position number among all position numbers larger than pj, that is, k = max{i | pi > pj}
The position numbers to the right of pj increase from right to left, so k is the largest index among all position numbers greater than pj
(3)Exchange pj and pk
(4) Then flip pj 1...pk-1,pk,pk 1...pn to get the arrangement p' = p1,p2...pj-1,pj,pn...pk 1,pk,pk -1...pj 1
(5) p' is the next permutation of permutation p

For example:
24310 is a permutation of position numbers 0 to 4. The steps to find its next permutation are as follows:
(1) Find the first number 2 in the arrangement that is smaller than the number on the right from right to left;
(2) Find the smallest number 3 that is greater than 2 among the numbers after the number;
(3) Swap 2 and 3 to get 34210;
(4) Flip all the numbers after the original 2 (current 3), that is, flip 4210 to get 30124;
(5) Find the next permutation of 24310 as 30124.
*/

function swap(arr, i, j) {
  var t = arr[i];
  arr[i] = arr[j];
  arr[j] = t;

}
function sort(index) {
  for (var j = index.length - 2; j >= 0 && index[j] > index[j + 1]; j--)
    ; //本循环从位置数组的末尾开始，找到第一个左边小于右边的位置，即j
  if (j < 0) return false; //已完成全部排列
  for (var k = index.length - 1; index[k] < index[j]; k--)
    ; //本循环从位置数组的末尾开始，找到比j位置大的位置中最小的，即k
  swap(index, j, k);
  for (j = j + 1, k = index.length - 1; j < k; j++, k--)
    swap(index, j, k); //本循环翻转j+1到末尾的所有位置
  return true;
}
function perm(arr) {
  var index = new Array(arr.length);
  for (var i = 0; i < index.length; i++)
    index[i] = i;
  do {
    var temp = [];
    for (i = 0; i < index.length; i++)
      temp.push(arr[index[i]]);
    if (validateCandidate(temp)) {
      console.log(temp);
      break;
    }
  } while (sort(index));
}
perm([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);

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