Photoshop制作动画教程(1)初识动画
动画形成原理是因为人眼有视觉暂留的特性,所谓视觉暂留就是在看到一个物体后,即时该物体快速消失,也还是会在眼中留下一定时间的持续影像,这在物体较为明亮的情况下尤为明显。最常见的就是夜晚拍照时使用闪光灯,虽然闪光灯早已熄灭,但被摄者眼中还是会留有光晕并维持一段时间。
对这个特点最早期的应用,我们上小学时也许就都做过了,就是在课本的页脚画上许多人物的动作,然后快速翻动就可以在眼中实现连续的影像,这就是动画。需要注意的是,这里的动画并不是指卡通动画片,虽然卡通动画的制作原理相同,但这里的动画是泛指所有的连续影像。
总结起来,所谓动画,就是用多幅静止画面连续播放,利用视觉暂留形成连续影像。比如传统的电影,就是用一长串连续记录着单幅画面的胶卷,按照一定的速度依次用灯光投影到屏幕上。这里就有一个速度的要求,试想一下如果我们缓慢地翻动课本,感受到的只会是多个静止画面而非连续影像。播放电影也是如此,如果速度太慢,观众看到的就等于是一幅幅轮换的幻灯片。 为了让观众感受到连续影像,电影以每秒24张画面的速度播放,也就是一秒钟内在屏幕上连续投射出24张静止画面。有关动画播放速度的单位是fps,其中的f就是英文单词Frame(画面、帧),p就是Per(每),s就是Second(秒)。用中文表达就是多少帧每秒,或每秒多少帧。电影是24fps,通常简称为24帧。
现实生活中的其他能产生影像的设备也有帧速的概念,比如电视机的信号,中国与欧洲所使用的PAL制式为25帧,日本与美洲使用的NTSC制式为29.97帧。如果动画在电脑显示器上播放,则15帧就可以达到连续影像的效果。这样大家以后在制作视频的时候,要想好发布在何种设备上,以设定不同的帧速。
人眼的辨识精度其实远远高于以上几种帧速,因为人眼与大脑构成的视觉系统是非常发达的。只是依据环境不同而具备有不同的敏感程度,比如在黑暗环境中对较亮光源的视觉暂留时间较长,因此电影只需要24帧。顺便说句题外话,只有少数动物的眼睛能在某些方面超过人类,但都同时在其他方面存在严重缺陷。如“细节之王”鹰是色盲,而“夜视之王”猫头鹰的眼珠固定,要转动头部才能观察周围。
在我们前面所学的课程中,Photoshop只是被用来制作比如海报、印刷稿等静态图像的,我们提到过它具备动画制作 的能力。现在我们就是要在Photoshop中去创建一个由多个帧组成的动画。把单一的画面扩展到多个画面。并在这多个画面中营造一种影像上的连续性,令动画成型。
现在很多使用Flash制作的动画都可以附带配音和交互性,从而令整个动画更加生动。而Photoshop所制作出来的动画只能称作简单动画,这主要是因为其只具备画面而不能加入声音,且观众只能以固定方式观看。但简单并不代表简陋,虽然前者提供了更多的制作和表现方法,但后者也仍然具备自己的独特优势,如图层样式动画就可以很容易地做出一些其它软件很难实现的精美动画细节。再者,正如同在纸上画画是一个很简单的行为,但不同的人画得好坏也不相同。因此优秀的动画并不一定就需要很复杂的技术,重要的是优秀的创意。
无论是哪一个软件,它们的制作原理都是相同的,正如同我们曾经刻苦学习的RGB色彩模式一样,到哪里都能应用上。所以我们现在的任务是利用已经学到的Photoshop基础知识,将它扩展到动画制作上,从中学习到制作动画的一般性技巧和方法。这些知识以后仍然可以应用于其它方面。 并且我们也会介绍如何将Photoshop动画转为视频并为其加入声音。
除了制作上的不同以外,在用途上也有不同。动画经常被安放于网页中的某个区域用以强调某项内容,如广告动画。这种动画通常按照安放位置的不同而具备相应的固定尺寸,如468x60、140x60、90x180等。也可将动画应用于手机彩信(一种可发送图片、声音、视频的多媒体短信服务)。这些用途都有各自的特点,除了尺寸以外还有其它需要考虑的因素。如字节数的限制,帧停留时间等。我们会在教程中逐步予以讲解。
需要注意的是,在本教程开始之前,我们要求读者都已经学习过Photoshop的基础知识,理解并掌握如调整图层、图层样式等概念和操作,例如“怎样建立曲线调整层”之类的内容我们只作简要操作介绍,而不再详细解释其中原理。因此建议新加入的读者先行学习基础部分内容。
另外,Photoshop CS3 Extended(扩展)版本才具备动画制作功能,普通版本是不具备的。CS2版本有附带动作制作功能,操作也与CS3 Extended相似。而CS及更早版本则需要借助捆绑的ImageReady软件进行动画制作。建议大家使用与教程相同的CS3 Extended版本。
既然称为动画,那就是要令画面中的图像动起来,现在我们来实际动手画制作一个“简单且简陋”的动画吧。

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