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python数据结构之图深度优先和广度优先实例详解

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Release: 2016-06-06 11:13:01
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本文实例讲述了python数据结构之图深度优先和广度优先用法。分享给大家供大家参考。具体如下:

首先有一个概念:回溯

  回溯法(探索与回溯法)是一种选优搜索法,按选优条件向前搜索,以达到目标。但当探索到某一步时,发现原先选择并不优或达不到目标,就退回一步重新选择,这种走不通就退回再走的技术为回溯法,而满足回溯条件的某个状态的点称为“回溯点”。

深度优先算法:

(1)访问初始顶点v并标记顶点v已访问。
(2)查找顶点v的第一个邻接顶点w。
(3)若顶点v的邻接顶点w存在,则继续执行;否则回溯到v,再找v的另外一个未访问过的邻接点。
(4)若顶点w尚未被访问,则访问顶点w并标记顶点w为已访问。
(5)继续查找顶点w的下一个邻接顶点wi,如果v取值wi转到步骤(3)。直到连通图中所有顶点全部访问过为止。

广度优先算法:

(1)顶点v入队列。
(2)当队列非空时则继续执行,否则算法结束。
(3)出队列取得队头顶点v;访问顶点v并标记顶点v已被访问。
(4)查找顶点v的第一个邻接顶点col。
(5)若v的邻接顶点col未被访问过的,则col入队列。
(6)继续查找顶点v的另一个新的邻接顶点col,转到步骤(5)。直到顶点v的所有未被访问过的邻接点处理完。转到步骤(2)。

代码:

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
class Graph(object):
  def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):
    self.node_neighbors = {}
    self.visited = {}
  def add_nodes(self,nodelist):
    for node in nodelist:
      self.add_node(node)
  def add_node(self,node):
    if not node in self.nodes():
      self.node_neighbors[node] = []
  def add_edge(self,edge):
    u,v = edge
    if(v not in self.node_neighbors[u]) and ( u not in self.node_neighbors[v]):
      self.node_neighbors[u].append(v)
      if(u!=v):
        self.node_neighbors[v].append(u)
  def nodes(self):
    return self.node_neighbors.keys()
  def depth_first_search(self,root=None):
    order = []
    def dfs(node):
      self.visited[node] = True
      order.append(node)
      for n in self.node_neighbors[node]:
        if not n in self.visited:
          dfs(n)
    if root:
      dfs(root)
    for node in self.nodes():
      if not node in self.visited:
        dfs(node)
    print order
    return order
  def breadth_first_search(self,root=None):
    queue = []
    order = []
    def bfs():
      while len(queue)> 0:
        node = queue.pop(0)
        self.visited[node] = True
        for n in self.node_neighbors[node]:
          if (not n in self.visited) and (not n in queue):
            queue.append(n)
            order.append(n)
    if root:
      queue.append(root)
      order.append(root)
      bfs()
    for node in self.nodes():
      if not node in self.visited:
        queue.append(node)
        order.append(node)
        bfs()
    print order
    return order
if __name__ == '__main__':
  g = Graph()
g.add_nodes([i+1 for i in range(8)])
g.add_edge((1, 2))
g.add_edge((1, 3))
g.add_edge((2, 4))
g.add_edge((2, 5))
g.add_edge((4, 8))
g.add_edge((5, 8))
g.add_edge((3, 6))
g.add_edge((3, 7))
g.add_edge((6, 7))
print "nodes:", g.nodes()
order = g.breadth_first_search(1)
order = g.depth_first_search(1)

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结果:

nodes: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

广度优先:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

深度优先:

[1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 3, 6, 7]

希望本文所述对大家的Python程序设计有所帮助。

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