详解Django中的form库的使用

Django带有一个form库，称为django.forms，这个库可以处理我们本章所提到的包括HTML表单显示以及验证。 接下来我们来深入了解一下form库，并使用她来重写contact表单应用。

Django的newforms库

在Django社区上会经常看到django.newforms这个词语。当人们讨论django.newforms，其实就是我们本章里面介绍的django.forms。

改名其实有历史原因的。 当Django一次向公众发行时，它有一个复杂难懂的表单系统：django.forms。后来它被完全重写了，新的版本改叫作：django.newforms，这样人们还可以通过名称，使用旧版本。 当Django 1.0发布时，旧版本django.forms就不再使用了，而django.newforms也终于可以名正言顺的叫做：django.forms。

表单框架最主要的用法是，为每一个将要处理的HTML的``

`` 定义一个Form类。 在这个例子中，我们只有一个``

`` ，因此我们只需定义一个Form类。 这个类可以存在于任何地方，甚至直接写在`` views.py`` 文件里也行，但是社区的惯例是把Form类都放到一个文件中：forms.py。在存放`` views.py`` 的目录中，创建这个文件，然后输入：

from django import forms

class ContactForm(forms.Form):
  subject = forms.CharField()
  email = forms.EmailField(required=False)
  message = forms.CharField()

这看上去简单易懂，并且很像在模块中使用的语法。 表单中的每一个字段（域）作为Form类的属性，被展现成Field类。这里只用到CharField和EmailField类型。 每一个字段都默认是必填。要使email成为可选项，我们需要指定required=False。

让我们钻研到Python解释器里面看看这个类做了些什么。 它做的第一件事是将自己显示成HTML：

>>> from contact.forms import ContactForm
>>> f = ContactForm()
>>> print f
<tr><th><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="subject" id="id_subject" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_email">Email:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="email" id="id_email" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_message">Message:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></td></tr>

为了便于访问，Django用`` `` 标志，为每一个字段添加了标签。 这个做法使默认行为尽可能合适。

默认输出按照HTML的<`` table`` >格式，另外有一些其它格式的输出：

>>> print f.as_ul()
<li><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label> <input type="text" name="subject" id="id_subject" /></li>
<li><label for="id_email">Email:</label> <input type="text" name="email" id="id_email" /></li>
<li><label for="id_message">Message:</label> <input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></li>
>>> print f.as_p()
<p><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label> <input type="text" name="subject" id="id_subject" /></p>
<p><label for="id_email">Email:</label> <input type="text" name="email" id="id_email" /></p>
<p><label for="id_message">Message:</label> <input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></p>

请注意，标签

、

、的开闭合标记没有包含于输出当中，这样你就可以添加额外的行或者自定义格式。

这些类方法只是一般情况下用于快捷显示完整表单的方法。 你同样可以用HTML显示个别字段：

>>> print f['subject']
<input type="text" name="subject" id="id_subject" />
>>> print f['message']
<input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" />

Form对象做的第二件事是校验数据。 为了校验数据，我们创建一个新的对Form象，并且传入一个与定义匹配的字典类型数据：

>>> f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello', 'email': 'adrian@example.com', 'message': 'Nice site!'})

一旦你对一个Form实体赋值，你就得到了一个绑定form：

>>> f.is_bound
True

调用任何绑定form的is_valid()方法，就可以知道它的数据是否合法。 我们已经为每个字段传入了值，因此整个Form是合法的：

>>> f.is_valid()
True

如果我们不传入email值，它依然是合法的。因为我们指定这个字段的属性required=False：

>>> f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello', 'message': 'Nice site!'})
>>> f.is_valid()
True

但是，如果留空subject或message，整个Form就不再合法了：

>>> f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello'})
>>> f.is_valid()
False
>>> f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello', 'message': ''})
>>> f.is_valid()
False

你可以逐一查看每个字段的出错消息：

>>> f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello', 'message': ''})
>>> f['message'].errors
[u'This field is required.']
>>> f['subject'].errors
[]
>>> f['email'].errors
[]

每一个邦定Form实体都有一个errors属性，它为你提供了一个字段与错误消息相映射的字典表。

>>> f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello', 'message': ''})
>>> f.errors
{'message': [u'This field is required.']}

最终，如果一个Form实体的数据是合法的，它就会有一个可用的cleaned_data属性。 这是一个包含干净的提交数据的字典。 Django的form框架不但校验数据，它还会把它们转换成相应的Python类型数据，这叫做清理数据。

>>> f = ContactForm({subject': Hello, email: adrian@example.com, message: Nice site!})
>>> f.is_valid()
True
>>> f.cleaned_data
{message': uNice site!, email: uadrian@example.com, subject: uHello}

我们的contact form只涉及字符串类型，它们会被清理成Unicode对象。如果我们使用整数型或日期型，form框架会确保方法使用合适的Python整数型或datetime.date型对象。


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