深入解析Python编程中JSON模块的使用
JSON编码支持的基本数据类型为 None , bool , int , float 和 str , 以及包含这些类型数据的lists,tuples和dictionaries。 对于dictionaries,keys需要是字符串类型(字典中任何非字符串类型的key在编码时会先转换为字符串)。 为了遵循JSON规范,你应该只编码Python的lists和dictionaries。 而且,在web应用程序中,顶层对象被编码为一个字典是一个标准做法。
JSON编码的格式对于Python语法而已几乎是完全一样的,除了一些小的差异之外。 比如,True会被映射为true,False被映射为false,而None会被映射为null。 下面是一个例子,演示了编码后的字符串效果:
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如果你试着去检查JSON解码后的数据,你通常很难通过简单的打印来确定它的结构, 特别是当数据的嵌套结构层次很深或者包含大量的字段时。 为了解决这个问题,可以考虑使用pprint模块的 pprint() 函数来代替普通的 print() 函数。 它会按照key的字母顺序并以一种更加美观的方式输出。 下面是一个演示如何漂亮的打印输出Twitter上搜索结果的例子:
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一般来讲,JSON解码会根据提供的数据创建dicts或lists。 如果你想要创建其他类型的对象,可以给 json.loads() 传递object_pairs_hook或object_hook参数。 例如,下面是演示如何解码JSON数据并在一个OrderedDict中保留其顺序的例子:
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下面是如何将一个JSON字典转换为一个Python对象例子:
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最后一个例子中,JSON解码后的字典作为一个单个参数传递给 __init__() 。 然后,你就可以随心所欲的使用它了,比如作为一个实例字典来直接使用它。
在编码JSON的时候,还有一些选项很有用。 如果你想获得漂亮的格式化字符串后输出,可以使用 json.dumps() 的indent参数。 它会使得输出和pprint()函数效果类似。比如:
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对象实例通常并不是JSON可序列化的。例如:
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如果你想序列化对象实例,你可以提供一个函数,它的输入是一个实例,返回一个可序列化的字典。例如:
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如果你想反过来获取这个实例,可以这样做:
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下面是如何使用这些函数的例子:
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json 模块还有很多其他选项来控制更低级别的数字、特殊值如NaN等的解析。 可以参考官方文档获取更多细节。

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