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详解在Python程序中自定义异常的方法

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:14 AM
python Custom exception

通过创建一个新的异常类,程序可以命名它们自己的异常。异常应该是典型的继承自Exception类,通过直接或间接的方式。
以下为与RuntimeError相关的实例,实例中创建了一个类,基类为RuntimeError,用于在异常触发时输出更多的信息。
在try语句块中,用户自定义的异常后执行except块语句,变量 e 是用于创建Networkerror类的实例。

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class Networkerror(RuntimeError):

  def __init__(self, arg):

   self.args = arg

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在你定义以上类后,你可以触发该异常,如下所示:

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try:

  raise Networkerror("Bad hostname")

except Networkerror,e:

  print e.args

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在下面这个例子中,默认的__init__()异常已被我们重写。

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>>> class MyError(Exception):

...   def __init__(self, value):

...     self.value = value

...   def __str__(self):

...     return repr(self.value)

...

>>> try:

...   raise MyError(2*2)

... except MyError as e:

...   print 'My exception occurred, value:', e.value

...

My exception occurred, value: 4

>>> raise MyError, 'oops!'

Traceback (most recent call last):

 File "<stdin>", line 1, in &#63;

__main__.MyError: 'oops!'

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常见的做法是创建一个由该模块定义的异常基类和子类,创建特定的异常类不同的错误条件。

我们通常定义的异常类,会让它比较简单,允许提取异常处理程序的错误信息,当创建一个异常模块的时候,常见的做法是创建一个由该模块定义的异常基类和子类,根据不同的错误条件,创建特定的异常类:

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class Error(Exception):

  """Base class for exceptions in this module."""

  pass

 

class InputError(Error):

  """Exception raised for errors in the input.

 

  Attributes:

    expression -- input expression in which the error occurred

    message -- explanation of the error

  """

 

  def __init__(self, expression, message):

    self.expression = expression

    self.message = message

 

class TransitionError(Error):

  """Raised when an operation attempts a state transition that's not

  allowed.

 

  Attributes:

    previous -- state at beginning of transition

    next -- attempted new state

    message -- explanation of why the specific transition is not allowed

  """

 

  def __init__(self, previous, next, message):

    self.previous = previous

    self.next = next

    self.message = message

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