在Python下进行UDP网络编程的教程
TCP是建立可靠连接,并且通信双方都可以以流的形式发送数据。相对TCP,UDP则是面向无连接的协议。
使用UDP协议时,不需要建立连接,只需要知道对方的IP地址和端口号,就可以直接发数据包。但是,能不能到达就不知道了。
虽然用UDP传输数据不可靠,但它的优点是和TCP比,速度快,对于不要求可靠到达的数据,就可以使用UDP协议。
我们来看看如何通过UDP协议传输数据。和TCP类似,使用UDP的通信双方也分为客户端和服务器。服务器首先需要绑定端口:
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) # 绑定端口: s.bind(('127.0.0.1', 9999))
创建Socket时,SOCK_DGRAM指定了这个Socket的类型是UDP。绑定端口和TCP一样,但是不需要调用listen()方法,而是直接接收来自任何客户端的数据:
print 'Bind UDP on 9999...' while True: # 接收数据: data, addr = s.recvfrom(1024) print 'Received from %s:%s.' % addr s.sendto('Hello, %s!' % data, addr)
recvfrom()方法返回数据和客户端的地址与端口,这样,服务器收到数据后,直接调用sendto()就可以把数据用UDP发给客户端。
注意这里省掉了多线程,因为这个例子很简单。
客户端使用UDP时,首先仍然创建基于UDP的Socket,然后,不需要调用connect(),直接通过sendto()给服务器发数据:
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) for data in ['Michael', 'Tracy', 'Sarah']: # 发送数据: s.sendto(data, ('127.0.0.1', 9999)) # 接收数据: print s.recv(1024) s.close()
从服务器接收数据仍然调用recv()方法。
仍然用两个命令行分别启动服务器和客户端测试,结果如下:
小结
UDP的使用与TCP类似,但是不需要建立连接。此外,服务器绑定UDP端口和TCP端口互不冲突,也就是说,UDP的9999端口与TCP的9999端口可以各自绑定。
源码参考:https://github.com/michaelliao/learn-python/tree/master/socket

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