以Flask为例讲解Python的框架的使用方法
了解了WSGI框架,我们发现:其实一个Web App,就是写一个WSGI的处理函数,针对每个HTTP请求进行响应。
但是如何处理HTTP请求不是问题,问题是如何处理100个不同的URL。
每一个URL可以对应GET和POST请求,当然还有PUT、DELETE等请求,但是我们通常只考虑最常见的GET和POST请求。
一个最简单的想法是从environ变量里取出HTTP请求的信息,然后逐个判断:
def application(environ, start_response): method = environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] path = environ['PATH_INFO'] if method=='GET' and path=='/': return handle_home(environ, start_response) if method=='POST' and path='/signin': return handle_signin(environ, start_response) ...
只是这么写下去代码是肯定没法维护了。
代码这么写没法维护的原因是因为WSGI提供的接口虽然比HTTP接口高级了不少,但和Web App的处理逻辑比,还是比较低级,我们需要在WSGI接口之上能进一步抽象,让我们专注于用一个函数处理一个URL,至于URL到函数的映射,就交给Web框架来做。
由于用Python开发一个Web框架十分容易,所以Python有上百个开源的Web框架。这里我们先不讨论各种Web框架的优缺点,直接选择一个比较流行的Web框架——Flask来使用。
用Flask编写Web App比WSGI接口简单(这不是废话么,要是比WSGI还复杂,用框架干嘛?),我们先用easy_install或者pip安装Flask:
$ easy_install flask
然后写一个app.py,处理3个URL,分别是:
- GET /:首页,返回Home;
- GET /signin:登录页,显示登录表单;
- POST /signin:处理登录表单,显示登录结果。
注意噢,同一个URL/signin分别有GET和POST两种请求,映射到两个处理函数中。
Flask通过Python的装饰器在内部自动地把URL和函数给关联起来,所以,我们写出来的代码就像这样:
from flask import Flask from flask import request app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def home(): return '<h1 id="Home">Home</h1>' @app.route('/signin', methods=['GET']) def signin_form(): return '''<form action="/signin" method="post"> <p><input name="username"></p> <p><input name="password" type="password"></p> <p><button type="submit">Sign In</button></p> </form>''' @app.route('/signin', methods=['POST']) def signin(): # 需要从request对象读取表单内容: if request.form['username']=='admin' and request.form['password']=='password': return '<h3 id="Hello-admin">Hello, admin!</h3>' return '<h3 id="Bad-username-or-password">Bad username or password.</h3>' if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
运行python app.py,Flask自带的Server在端口5000上监听:
$ python app.py * Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ Try
打开浏览器,输入首页地址http://localhost:5000/:
首页显示正确!
再在浏览器地址栏输入http://localhost:5000/signin,会显示登录表单:
输入预设的用户名admin和口令password,登录成功:
输入其他错误的用户名和口令,登录失败:
实际的Web App应该拿到用户名和口令后,去数据库查询再比对,来判断用户是否能登录成功。
除了Flask,常见的Python Web框架还有:
- Django:全能型Web框架;
- web.py:一个小巧的Web框架;
- Bottle:和Flask类似的Web框架;
- Tornado:Facebook的开源异步Web框架。
当然了,因为开发Python的Web框架也不是什么难事,我们后面也会自己开发一个Web框架。
小结
有了Web框架,我们在编写Web应用时,注意力就从WSGI处理函数转移到URL+对应的处理函数,这样,编写Web App就更加简单了。
在编写URL处理函数时,除了配置URL外,从HTTP请求拿到用户数据也是非常重要的。Web框架都提供了自己的API来实现这些功能。Flask通过request.form['name']来获取表单的内容。

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