总结Python编程中三条常用的技巧

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Release: 2016-06-06 11:16:36
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在 python 代码中可以看到一些常见的 trick,在这里做一个简单的小结。
json 字符串格式化

在开发 web 应用的时候经常会用到 json 字符串,但是一段比较长的 json 字符串是可读性较差的,不容易看出来里面结构的。 这时候就可以用 python 来把 json 字符串漂亮的打印出来。

root@Exp-1:/tmp# cat json.txt 
{"menu": {"breakfast": {"English Muffin": {"price": 7.5}, "Bread Basket": {"price": 20, "desc": "Assortment of fresh baked fruit breads and muffins"}, "Fruit Breads": {"price": 8}}, "drink": {"Hot Tea": {"price": 5}, "Juice": {"price": 10, "type": ["apple", "watermelon", "orange"]}}}}
root@Exp-1:/tmp# 
root@Exp-1:/tmp# cat json.txt | python -m json.tool
{
  "menu": {
    "breakfast": {
      "Bread Basket": {
        "desc": "Assortment of fresh baked fruit breads and muffins",
        "price": 20
      },
      "English Muffin": {
        "price": 7.5
      },
      "Fruit Breads": {
        "price": 8
      }
    },
    "drink": {
      "Hot Tea": {
        "price": 5
      },
      "Juice": {
        "price": 10,
        "type": [
          "apple",
          "watermelon",
          "orange"
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}
root@Exp-1:/tmp# 

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else 的妙用

在某些场景下我们需要判断我们是否是从一个 for 循环中 break 跳出来的,并且只针对 break 跳出的情况做相应的处理。这时候我们通常的做法是使用一个 flag 变量来标识是否是从 for 循环中跳出的。 如下面的这个例子,查看在 60 到 80 之间是否存在 17 的倍数。

flag = False
for item in xrange(60, 80):
  if item % 17 == 0:
    flag = True
    break

if flag:
  print "Exists at least one number can be divided by 17"

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其实这时候可以使用 else 在不引入新变量的情况下达到同样的效果

for item in xrange(60, 80):
  if item % 17 == 0:
    flag = True
    break
else:
  print "exist"

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setdefault 方法

dictionary 是 python 一个很强大的内置数据结构,但是使用起来还是有不方便的地方,比如在多层嵌套的时候我们通常会这么写

dyna_routes = {}
method = 'GET'
whole_rule = None
# 一些其他的逻辑处理
...
if method in dyna_routes:
  dyna_routes[method].append(whole_rule)
else:
  dyna_routes[method] = [whole_rule]

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其实还有一种更简单的写法可以达到同样的效果

self.dyna_routes.setdefault(method, []).append(whole_rule)

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或者可以使用 collections.defaultdict 模块

import collections
dyna_routes = collections.defaultdict(list)
...
dyna_routes[method].append(whole_rule)

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