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Python列表(list)、字典(dict)、字符串(string)基本操作小结

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:21 AM
python list dictionary string

创建列表

代码如下:


sample_list = ['a',1,('a','b')]


Python 列表操作

代码如下:


sample_list = ['a','b',0,1,3]


得到列表中的某一个值

代码如下:


value_start = sample_list[0]
end_value = sample_list[-1]


删除列表的第一个值

代码如下:


del sample_list[0]


在列表中插入一个值

代码如下:


sample_list[0:0] = ['sample value']


得到列表的长度

代码如下:


list_length = len(sample_list)


列表遍历

代码如下:


for element in sample_list:
    print 'element'

  
Python 列表高级操作/技巧

产生一个数值递增列表

代码如下:


num_inc_list = range(30)
#will return a list [0,1,2,...,29]


用某个固定值初始化列表

代码如下:


initial_value = 0
list_length = 5
sample_list = [ initial_value for i in range(10)]
sample_list = [initial_value]*list_length
# sample_list ==[0,0,0,0,0]

附:python内置类型

1、list:列表(即动态数组,C++标准库的vector,但可含不同类型的元素于一个list中)
a = ["I","you","he","she"]      #元素可为任何类型。

下标:按下标读写,就当作数组处理
以0开始,有负下标的使用
0第一个元素,-1最后一个元素,
-len第一个元素,len-1最后一个元素
取list的元素数量

代码如下:


len(list)   #list的长度。实际该方法是调用了此对象的__len__(self)方法。


创建连续的list

代码如下:


L = range(1,5)      #即 L=[1,2,3,4],不含最后一个元素
L = range(1, 10, 2) #即 L=[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]


list的方法

代码如下:


L.append(var)   #追加元素
L.insert(index,var)
L.pop(var)      #返回最后一个元素,并从list中删除之
L.remove(var)   #删除第一次出现的该元素
L.count(var)    #该元素在列表中出现的个数
L.index(var)    #该元素的位置,无则抛异常
L.extend(list)  #追加list,即合并list到L上
L.sort()        #排序
L.reverse()     #倒序
list 操作符:,+,*,关键字del
a[1:]       #片段操作符,用于子list的提取
[1,2]+[3,4] #为[1,2,3,4]。同extend()
[2]*4       #为[2,2,2,2]
del L[1]    #删除指定下标的元素
del L[1:3]  #删除指定下标范围的元素


list的复制

代码如下:


L1 = L      #L1为L的别名,用C来说就是指针地址相同,对L1操作即对L操作。函数参数就是这样传递的
L1 = L[:]   #L1为L的克隆,即另一个拷贝。
     
list comprehension
   [ for k in L if ]

 

2、dictionary: 字典(即C++标准库的map)

代码如下:


dict = {'ob1':'computer', 'ob2':'mouse', 'ob3':'printer'}


每一个元素是pair,包含key、value两部分。key是Integer或string类型,value 是任意类型。
键是唯一的,字典只认最后一个赋的键值。

dictionary的方法

代码如下:


D.get(key, 0)       #同dict[key],多了个没有则返回缺省值,0。[]没有则抛异常
D.has_key(key)      #有该键返回TRUE,否则FALSE
D.keys()            #返回字典键的列表
D.values()          #以列表的形式返回字典中的值,返回值的列表中可包含重复元素
D.items()           #将所有的字典项以列表方式返回,这些列表中的每一项都来自于(键,值),但是项在返回时并没有特殊的顺序        

D.update(dict2)     #增加合并字典
D.popitem()         #得到一个pair,并从字典中删除它。已空则抛异常
D.clear()           #清空字典,同del dict
D.copy()            #拷贝字典
D.cmp(dict1,dict2)  #比较字典,(优先级为元素个数、键大小、键值大小)
                    #第一个大返回1,小返回-1,一样返回0
           
dictionary的复制
dict1 = dict        #别名
dict2=dict.copy()   #克隆,即另一个拷贝。


3、tuple:元组(即常量数组)

代码如下:


tuple = ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')


可以用list的 [],:操作符提取元素。就是不能直接修改元素。

4、string:     字符串(即不能修改的字符list)

代码如下:


str = "Hello My friend"


字符串是一个整体。如果你想直接修改字符串的某一部分,是不可能的。但我们能够读出字符串的某一部分。
子字符串的提取

代码如下:


str[:6]


字符串包含判断操作符:in,not in

代码如下:


"He" in str
"she" not in str


string模块,还提供了很多方法,如

代码如下:


S.find(substring, [start [,end]]) #可指范围查找子串,返回索引值,否则返回-1
S.rfind(substring,[start [,end]]) #反向查找
S.index(substring,[start [,end]]) #同find,只是找不到产生ValueError异常
S.rindex(substring,[start [,end]])#同上反向查找
S.count(substring,[start [,end]]) #返回找到子串的个数

S.lowercase()
S.capitalize()      #首字母大写
S.lower()           #转小写
S.upper()           #转大写
S.swapcase()        #大小写互换

S.split(str, ' ')   #将string转list,以空格切分
S.join(list, ' ')   #将list转string,以空格连接


处理字符串的内置函数

代码如下:


len(str)                #串长度
cmp("my friend", str)   #字符串比较。第一个大,返回1
max('abcxyz')           #寻找字符串中最大的字符
min('abcxyz')           #寻找字符串中最小的字符


string的转换

代码如下:

           
float(str) #变成浮点数,float("1e-1")  结果为0.1
int(str)        #变成整型,  int("12")  结果为12
int(str,base)   #变成base进制整型数,int("11",2) 结果为2
long(str)       #变成长整型,
long(str,base)  #变成base进制长整型,


字符串的格式化(注意其转义字符,大多如C语言的,略)
str_format % (参数列表) #参数列表是以tuple的形式定义的,即不可运行中改变
>>>print ""%s's height is %dcm" % ("My brother", 180)
          #结果显示为 My brother's height is 180cm

。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

list 和 tuple 的相互转化

tuple(ls)
list(ls)

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