Python中的迭代器漫谈
问题是在Python中进行循环的时候产生的,熟悉Python的都知道,它没有类似其它语言中的for循环, 只能通过for in的方式进行循环遍历。最典型的应用就是通过range函数产生一个列表,然后用for in进行操作,如下:
代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python
for i in range(10):
print i
代码的意义很好理解,range会产生一个列表,用for in最这个列表进行遍历,就有和类似for(i = 0;i
代码如下:
测试代码 占用内存
range(100) 2.0MB
range(10000) 2.2MB
range(100000) 3.8MB
range(1000000) 19.5MB
range(10000000) 168.5MB
range(100000000) 1465.8MB
可以看到,随着基数的加大,占用内存呈几何倍数增加,显然在进行大循环操作的时候,要避免使用range。
为了解决上述问题,python提供了另外一个函数xrange,这个函数和range非常相似,但是占用内存比range会小很多,相关的说明可以查看这里,经过测试,用xrange产生的对象,不管参数是多少,占用内存几乎都没有变化。问题又来了,xrange内部是如何实现的,为什么和range性能相差这么大?为了验证我的猜想,先尝试用python实现类似xrange的函数zrange:
代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python
class zrange(object):
def __init__(self,stop):
self.__pointer=0
self.stop=stop
def __iter__(self):
return self
def next(self): #python3.0中,改用__next__
if self.__pointer >= self.stop:
raise StopIteration
else:
self.__pointer = self.__pointer + 1
return self.__pointer-1
test = zrange(10000000)
for i in test:
print i
运行的结果和xrange一样, 对zrange进行内存占用测试,发现和xrange一样,参数的大小对内存占用几乎没有影响。那么它和range的区别在哪里呢?
前面说到,range产生的是一个列表,而无论是自定义的zrange还是系统内置的xrange产生的都是一个对象,像xrange或者zrange产生的对象,就叫做可迭代对象, 它给外部提供了一种遍历其内部元素,而不用关心其内部实现的方法。上面zrange的实现中, 最关键的实现是建立了一个内部指针__pointer, 它记录当前的访问的位置, 下次的访问就可以通过指针的状态进行相应的操作。
Python或者其它语言中,还有很多类似通过迭代的方式访问对象内容的,如读取一个文件中的内容:
代码如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python
f = open('zrange.py','r')
while True:
line = f.readline()
if not line:
break
print line.strip()
f.close()
大家都知道用readline要比reandlines节省资源,其实readline和readlines就类似于xrange和range,一个是通过指针记录当前位置,下次访问把指针往前移动一个单位,另外一个是直接把所有内容存放到内存当中。文件操作函数中,还可以通过seek手动的调整指针的位置,从而达到跳过或者重复读取某些内容的目的。
可以说,迭代器的实现中,其内部指针是节省资源,让迭代正常运行的关键。

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