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Python的面向对象思想分析

Jun 06, 2016 am 11:21 AM
python object Thought For

本文实例讲述了Python的面向对象思想。分享给大家供大家参考。具体分析如下:

面向对象的基本思想是封装,继承,多态。

首先是继承:

定义一个类:

代码如下:

class Bird(object): 
    have_feather = True 
    way_of_reproduction  = 'egg'

调用这个类:

代码如下:

summer = Bird() 
print summer.way_of_reproduction


与Java不同是,Python是不需要new来实例化类的。

同样,Python的类下面是可以定方法的:

代码如下:

class Bird(object):     
    have_feather = True     
    way_of_reproduction = 'egg'     
     
    def say(self, word='hi hi'): 
              print 'i say :' + word

注意一点,所有类的函数,必须至少带有一个参数,这个参数必须是self。

类以外的函数没有这一个限制。

代码如下:

chk = Chicken() 
print chk.have_feather 
print chk.sat('hello')

__init__()方法

__init__()是一个特殊方法(special method)。Python里会有一些特殊方法,Python会以特别的方式处理它们。特殊方法的名字的特点是前后都有两个下划线。

__init__()方法的特殊在于,如果你在类中定义了这个方法,一旦你根据这个类建立对象,Python就会自动调用这个方法(这个过程也叫初始化)。

如:

代码如下:

class happyBird(Bird): 
    def __init__(self,more_words): 
        print 'We are happy birds.',more_words 
 
hb = happyBird('Happy,Happy!')

父类方法的重载:

代码如下:

class Hello(object): 
    name = 'hello' 
     
    def __init__(self): 
        self.name='my name is hello' 
     
    #类中的参数必须带有self参数 
    def sayhi(self): 
        print 'hi you' 
 
class World(Hello):  
    def __init__(self): 
        #这里访问的是父类初始化的变量名 
        print 'before:',Hello.name  
        super(World,self).__init__()   
        #由于调用了父类的初始化构造函数,继承了父类的变量的改变 
        print 'after:',self.name 
         
        #近似于方法重载 
    def sayhi(self,word='baby'): 
        #调用父类sayhi方法 
        super(World,self).sayhi() 
        print 'hi '+word 
             
    def sayWorld(self): 
        print 'hi,hello world' 
         
if __name__ == '__main__': 
    c = World() 
    c.sayhi() 
    c.sayWorld()

 另外,python是允许多继承的,但是这个是个非常危险的操作,建议不要随便使用。

关于Python的多态,就像JavaScript一样,直接访问对象的属性,不需要使用接口,没有类型转换。

对于类型的判断,有抓们的type()函数,和isinstance()函数判断是否某个函数的子类。

代码如下:

isinstance(object, classinfo)


判断实例是否是这个类或者object是变量 
 
classinfo 是类型(tuple,dict,int,float) 
判断变量是否是这个类型  

代码如下:

class objA:  
pass  
 
A = objA()  
B = 'a','v'  
C = 'a string'  
 
print isinstance(A, objA)  
print isinstance(B, tuple)  
print isinstance(C, basestring)


输出结果:  
True  
True  
True 

希望本文所述对大家的Python程序设计有所帮助。

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