Home > Backend Development > Python Tutorial > 举例介绍Python中的25个隐藏特性

举例介绍Python中的25个隐藏特性

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Release: 2016-06-06 11:23:03
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注:这里忽略了生成器,装饰器,交换变量等熟知技巧
1. 函数参数unpack

老生常谈的了:
 

def foo(x, y):
  print x, y
 
alist = [1, 2]
adict = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}
 
foo(*alist) # 1, 2
foo(**adict) # 1, 2
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2. 链式比较操作符

>>> x = 3
>>> 1 < x < 5
True
>>> 4 > x >=3
True
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3. 注意函数的默认参数

>>> def foo(x=[]):
...   x.append(1)
...   print x
...
>>> foo()
[1]
>>> foo()
[1, 1]
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更安全的做法:

>>> def foo(x=None):
...   if x is None:
...     x = []
...   x.append(1)
...   print x
...
>>> foo()
[1]
>>> foo()
[1]
>>>
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4. 字典有个get()方法

dct.get(key[,default_value]), 当字典dct中找不到key时,get就会返回default_value

sum[value] = sum.get(value, 0) + 1
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5. 带关键字的格式化

>>> print "Hello %(name)s !" % {'name': 'James'}
Hello James !
>>> print "I am years %(age)i years old" % {'age': 18}
I am years 18 years old
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更新些的格式化:

>>> print "Hello {name} !".format(name="James")
Hello James !
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快有些模板引擎的味道了:)
6. for…else 语法

>>> for i in (1, 3, 5):
...   if i % 2 == 0:
...     break
... else:
...   print "var i is always an odd"
...
var i is always an odd
>>>
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else语句块会在循环结束后执行,除非在循环块中执行break
7. dict 的特殊方法__missing__

Python 2.5之后引入的。当查找不到key的时候,会执行这个方法。

>>> class Dict(dict):
...  def __missing__(self, key):
...   self[key] = []
...   return self[key]
...
>>> dct = Dict()
>>> dct["foo"].append(1)
>>> dct["foo"].append(2)
>>> dct["foo"]
[1, 2]
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这很像collections.defaultdict不是吗?

>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> dct = defaultdict(list)
>>> dct["foo"]
[]
>>> dct["bar"].append("Hello")
>>> dct
defaultdict(<type 'list'>, {'foo': [], 'bar': ['Hello']})
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8. 切片操作的步长参数

还能用步长-1来反转链表:

9.另一种字符串连接

>>> Name = "Wang" "Hong"
>>> Name
'WangHong'
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连接多行:

>>> Name = "Wang" \
... "Hong"
>>> Name
'WangHong'
<strong>10. Python解释器中的”_”
</strong> 
>>> range(4)
[0, 1, 2, 3]
>>> _
[0, 1, 2, 3]
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_即Python解释器上一次返回的值
11. Python 描述器

Python描述器是Python 中很魔幻的东西,方法等都是描述器。不再举例
12. Zen

import this
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13. 嵌套列表推导式

>>> [(i, j) for i in range(3) for j in range(i)]
[(1, 0), (2, 0), (2, 1)]
<strong>14. try/except/else
</strong> 
try:
 put_4000000000_volts_through_it(parrot)
except Voom:
 print "'E's pining!"
else:
 print "This parrot is no more!"
finally:
 end_sketch()
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15. print 重定向输出到文件

>>> print >> open("somefile", "w+"), "Hello World"
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注意打开的模式:"w+"而不能"w", 当然"a"是可以的
16. 省略号

在Python3中你可以直接使用省略号这个文法:

Python 3.2 (r32:88445, Oct 20 2012, 14:09:50)
[GCC 4.5.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> ...
Ellipsis
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Python2 中呢?

>>> class C(object):
... def __getitem__(self, item):
...  return item
...
>>> C()[1:2, ..., 3]
(slice(1, 2, None), Ellipsis, 3)
>>>
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17. Python3中的元组unpack

真的但愿Python2也这样:

>>> a, b, *rest = range(10)
>>> a
0
>>> b
1
>>> rest
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>>
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当然也可以取出最后一个:

>>> first, second, *rest, last = range(10)
>>> first
0
>>> second
1
>>> last
9
>>> rest
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
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18. pow()还有第三个参数

我们都知道内置函数pow,pow(x,y)即x**y

但是它还可以有第三个参数:

>>> pow(4, 2, 2)
0
>>> pow(4, 2, 3)
1
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其实第三个参数是来求模的:pow(x,y,z)?==?(x**y)?%z

注意,内置的pow和math.pow并不是一个函数,后者只接受2个参数
19. enumerate还有第二个参数

enumerate很赞,可以给我们索引和序列值的对, 但是它还有第二个参数:

>>> lst = ["a", "b", "c"]
>>> list(enumerate(lst, 1))
[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]
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这个参数用来: 指明索引的起始值
20. 显式的声明一个集合

新建一个集合,我们会:

>>> set([1,2,3])
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在Python 2.7 之后可以这么写了:

>>> {1,2,3}
set([1, 2, 3])
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21. 用切片来删除序列的某一段

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
>>> a[1:4] = []
>>> a
[1, 5, 6, 7]
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当然用dela[1:4]也是可以的

去除偶数项(偶数索引的):

>>> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
>>> del a[::2]
>>> a
[1, 3, 5, 7]
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22. isinstance可以接收一个元组

这个真的鲜为人知, 我们可以用isinstance(x,(float,int))来判断x是不是数:

>>> isinstance(1, (float, int))
True
>>> isinstance(1.3, (float, int))
True
>>> isinstance("1.3", (float, int))
False
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那么对于第三个测试,你把str加入元组就可以看到这是怎么回事了:

>>> isinstance("1.3", (float, int, str))
True
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也就是那个元组里面是或的关系,只要是其中一个的实例就返回True
23. 字典里的无限递归

>>> a, b = {}, {}
>>> a['b'] = b
>>> b['a'] = a
>>> a
{'b': {'a': {...}}}
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当然你可以制作一个链表中的无限循环:

>>> a, b = [], []
>>> a.append(b)
>>> b.append(a)
>>> a
[[[...]]]
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真心不知道有什么用,不过蛮好玩的不是吗
24. Python可以认识Unicode中的数字

所以说,Python很赞:

>>> int(u'1234')
1234
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不只是ASCII字符串的可以认出来,连Unicode的也可以。
25. 不能访问到的属性

回答这个答案的人太坏了:)

 
>>> class O(object):pass
...
>>> o = O()
>>> setattr(o, "can't touch this", 123)
>>> o.can't touch this
 File "<stdin>", line 1
  o.can't touch this
           ^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
>>>
 File "<stdin>", line 1
  o.can't touch this
           ^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
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不过,能用setattr设置属性,就可以用getattr取出

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