Python中使用语句导入模块或包的机制研究
这篇文章讨论了Python的from
从一个模块导入全部
from
# something.py public_variable = 42 _private_variable = 141 def public_function(): print("I'm a public function! yay!") def _private_function(): print("Ain't nobody accessing me from another module...usually") class PublicClass(object): pass class _WeirdClass(object): pass
在Python解释器中,我们可以执行from something import *,然后看到如下的内容:
>>> from something import * >>> public_variable 42 >>> _private_variable ... NameError: name '_private_variable' is not defined >>> public_function() "I'm a public function! yay!" >>> _private_function() ... NameError: name '_private_function' is not defined >>> c = PublicClass() >>> c <something.PublicClass object at ...> >>> c = _WeirdClass() ... NameError: name '_WeirdClass' is not defined
from something import *从something中导入了除了以_开头名称外的其他所有名称,按照规范,_开始的名称是私有的所以未被导入。
嗯,不是特别糟!还有什么?
上面没提到__all__是什么。__all__是一个字符串列表,指定了当from
# something.py __all__ = ['_private_variable', 'PublicClass'] # The rest is the same as before public_variable = 42 _private_variable = 141 def public_function(): print("I'm a public function! yay!") def _private_function(): print("Ain't nobody accessing me from another module...usually") class PublicClass(object): pass class _WeirdClass(object): pass
现在,我们期望from something import *只会导入_private_variable和PublicClass:
>>> from something import * >>> public_variable 42 >>> _private_variable ... NameError: name '_private_variable' is not defined >>> public_function() "I'm a public function! yay!" >>> _private_function() ... NameError: name '_private_function' is not defined >>> c = PublicClass() >>> c <something.PublicClass object at ...> >>> c = _WeirdClass() ... NameError: name '_WeirdClass' is not defined
包是怎样的呢?
当从一个包中导入全部时,__all__的做法和模块基本一样,不过它处理的是包中的模块(而不是把模块中的名都导入)。所以当我们使用from
不同之处在于,如果你在一个包的__init__.py里面没有声明__all__,from
但是,这有什么不好?
继续读之前,在你的Python解释器中,执行import this,再读一遍Python之禅(在你孩子每晚睡前也要读给他们)。
明确比含糊要好。
from
可读性很重要
即使你需要导入很多东西,一个一个显式地导入也更清楚。使用PEP 328:
from Tkinter import (Tk, Frame, Button, Entry, Canvas, Text, LEFT, DISABLED, NORMAL, RIDGE, END)
你现在就能明确知道你的命名空间里有什么,使用ctrl+f能很快地告诉你它们是哪儿来的。
同时,你还总是要承担模块/包作者更改list内容(加/减东西)的风险。也就是下面两者之一:
作者从__all__里删除了一个字符串。如果你的代码使用了那个名字,你的代码就会报出NameError的错误,并且很难发现为什么。
作者在__all__里加入了很多东西。你也许不需要这些增加的内容,所以你只是让这些你不关心的东西占满了你的命名空间。他们甚至在你不注意的时候会替代其他同名内容。
当然,有时候从模块或者包中导入全部内容是有用的。不过,这么做之前三思。从我的经验来看,这么做通常只是因为懒。

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