10个易被忽视但应掌握的Python基本用法

WBOY
Release: 2016-06-06 11:23:49
Original
1194 people have browsed it

我一辈子都在写代码,但从来没有掌握编码的精髓。大部分情况下使用Visual Basic,因为我用VB最舒服。同时还略微了解一点其他语言(R、C、JavaScript、Applescript、Hypertext和1979年学习的BASIC)。几年前,我决定只用Python,以此来提高我的编码能力。在此过程中重复发明了许多轮子,但我并不介意,因为我享受解决问题的乐趣。同时有时能发现更有效、Python式的解决方案。时间长了以后,会有顿悟的时刻,意识到根本没必要用困难且冗长的方式处理问题。下面列出10条Python用法,如果我早点发现,也许能节省很多时间。

这里没有列表推导和lambda函数。虽然这两个用法都是Python式的,效率高也非常酷,但由于经常在StackOverflow或其他地方碰到,所以学Python的应该都知道这两个东西。同时也没有三元运算符、装饰器和生成器,因为我很少用到。

本文还有一个IPython notebook nbviewer版本。
1. 在Python 2中使用Python 3式的输出

Python 2与Python 3不兼容,这让我不知道该选择哪个版本的Python。最终我选择了Python 2,因为当时许多我需要用的库都与Python 3不兼容。

但实际上,日常使用中最大的版本差异是输出(print)和除法行为。现在我在Python 2的代码中都用import from future来导入Python 3的输出和除法。现在我用到的几乎所有库都支持Python 3,因此会很快迁移到Python 3中。
 

mynumber = 5
 
print "Python 2:"
print "The number is %d" % (mynumber)
print mynumber / 2,
print mynumber // 2
 
from __future__ import print_function
from __future__ import division
 
print('nPython 3:')
print("The number is {}".format(mynumber))
print(mynumber / 2, end=' ')
print(mynumber // 2)
 
Python 2:
The number is 5
2 2
 
Python 3:
The number is 5
2.5 2
Copy after login

对了,对于C系的那些更喜欢括号而不是缩进的开发者,这里还有一个彩蛋:

from __future__ import braces
File "", line 1
from __future__ import braces
SyntaxError: not a chance
Copy after login

2. enumerate(list)

很明显,迭代列表时,应该同时迭代其中的元素及其索引,但在很长一段时间内,我都尴尬的使用计数变量或切片。

mylist = ["It's", 'only', 'a', 'model']
 
for index, item in enumerate(mylist):
  print(index, item)
 
0 It's
1 only
2 a
3 model
Copy after login

3. 链式比较操作符

由于我以前使用的是静态语言(在这些语言中该用法有二义性),从来没有将两个比较操作符放在一个表达式中。在许多语言中,4 > 3 > 2会返回False,因为4 > 3的结果是布尔值,而True > 2将得出False。

mynumber = 3
 
if 4 > mynumber > 2:
  print("Chained comparison operators work! n" * 3)
 
Chained comparison operators work!
Chained comparison operators work!
Chained comparison operators work!
Copy after login

4. collections.Counter

Python的集合库看上去是最好的。在计算需要集合中元素的个数时,StackOverflow找到的答案是创建有序字典,但我坚持使用一个代码片段来创建字典,计算结果中元素出现的频率。直到有一天,我发现可以用collections.deque。

from collections import Counter
from random import randrange
import pprint
 
mycounter = Counter()
 
for i in range(100):
  random_number = randrange(10)
  mycounter[random_number] += 1
 
for i in range(10):
  print(i, mycounter[i])
 
Copy after login

0 10
1 10
2 13
3 6
4 6
5 11
6 10
7 14
8 12
9 8
Copy after login

5. 字典推导

Python开发者的一个重要标志就是理解列表推导,但最终我发现字典推导也很有用,特别是在交换字典的键和值的时候。

my_phrase = ["No", "one", "expects", "the", "Spanish", "Inquisition"]
my_dict = {key: value for value, key in enumerate(my_phrase)}
print(my_dict)
reversed_dict = {value: key for key, value in my_dict.items()}
print(reversed_dict)
Copy after login

{'Inquisition': 5, 'No': 0, 'expects': 2, 'one': 1, 'Spanish': 4, 'the': 3}
{0: 'No', 1: 'one', 2: 'expects', 3: 'the', 4: 'Spanish', 5: 'Inquisition'}
Copy after login

6. 用subprocess执行shell命令

以前,我使用os库调用外部命令处理文件,而现在我可以在Python中以编码的方式执行诸如ffmpeg这样的复杂命令进行视频编辑。

(是的,我和我的客户都使用Windows,如果你们因此鄙视我,我会大方地接受!)

注意,用os库完成这个特定命令比用subprocess更好。我只想有一个大家都熟悉的命令。同时,一般来说,在subprocess中使用shell=True参数是非常糟糕的主意,在这里使用这个参数仅仅是为了能在一个IPython notebook单元中放置命令的输出。不要自己使用这个参数!

import subprocess
output = subprocess.check_output('dir', shell=True)
print(output)
Copy after login

Volume in drive C is OS
Volume Serial Number is [REDACTED]
Directory of C:UsersDavidDocuments[REDACTED]
 
2014-11-26 06:04 AM  <DIR>     .
2014-11-26 06:04 AM  <DIR>     ..
2014-11-23 11:47 AM  <DIR>     .git
2014-11-26 06:06 AM  <DIR>     .ipynb_checkpoints
2014-11-23 08:59 AM  <DIR>     CCCma
2014-09-03 06:58 AM      19,450 colorbrewdict.py
2014-09-03 06:58 AM      92,175 imagecompare.ipynb
2014-11-23 08:41 AM  <DIR>     Japan_Earthquakes
2014-09-03 06:58 AM       1,100 LICENSE
2014-09-03 06:58 AM       5,263 monty_monte.ipynb
2014-09-03 06:58 AM      31,082 pocket_tumblr_reddit_api.ipynb
2014-11-26 06:04 AM       3,211 README.md
2014-11-26 06:14 AM      19,898 top_10_python_idioms.ipynb
2014-09-03 06:58 AM       5,813 tree_convert_mega_to_gexf.ipynb
2014-09-03 06:58 AM       5,453 tree_convert_mega_to_json.ipynb
2014-09-03 06:58 AM       1,211 tree_convert_newick_to_json.py
2014-09-03 06:58 AM      55,970 weather_ML.ipynb
       11 File(s)    240,626 bytes
        6 Dir(s) 180,880,490,496 bytes free
Copy after login

7. 字典的.get()和.iteritems()方法

字典的get()方法可以设置默认值,当用get()查找的键不存在时,返回方法中的默认值参数是很有用的。与列表中的enumerate()相同,可以用键值元组迭代字典中的元素。

my_dict = {'name': 'Lancelot', 'quest': 'Holy Grail', 'favourite_color': 'blue'}
 
print(my_dict.get('airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow', 'African or European&#63;n'))
 
for key, value in my_dict.iteritems():
  print(key, value, sep=": ")
 
African or European&#63;
 
quest: Holy Grail
name: Lancelot
favourite_color: blue
Copy after login

8. 用于交换元素的元组解包

在VB中,每当需要交换两个变量时,都要用要一个愚蠢的临时变量:c = a; a = b; b = c

a = 'Spam'
b = 'Eggs'
 
print(a, b)
 
a, b = b, a
 
print(a, b)
 
Spam Eggs
Eggs Spam
Copy after login

9. 内省工具Introspection tools

我知道dir()方法,我本以为help()方法和IPython中的?魔法命令是一样的,但help()的功能更强大。

my_dict = {'That': 'an ex-parrot!'}
 
help(my_dict)
Copy after login

Help on dict object:
 
class dict(object)
 | dict() -> new empty dictionary
 | dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
 | (key, value) pairs
 | dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
 | d = {}
 | for k, v in iterable:
 | d[k] = v
 | dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
 | in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
 |
 | Methods defined here:
 |
 | __cmp__(...)
 | x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)
 |
 | __contains__(...)
 | D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False
 |
 | __delitem__(...)
 | x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y]
 |
 | __eq__(...)
 | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y
 |
 
[TRUNCATED FOR SPACE]
 
 |
 | update(...)
 | D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
 | If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
 | If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
 | In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
 |
 | values(...)
 | D.values() -> list of D's values
 |
 | viewitems(...)
 | D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
 |
 | viewkeys(...)
 | D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
 |
 | viewvalues(...)
 | D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values
 |
 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 | Data and other attributes defined here:
 |
 | __hash__ = None
 |
 | __new__ =
 | T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T
Copy after login

10. PEP-8兼容的字符串连接

PEP8是Python编码样式指南。撇开其他的不看,PEP8要求每行不能超过80个字符,超过的部分要换行并缩进。

可以通过反斜杠、带逗号“,”的圆括号“()”、或者额外的加号“+”来完成换行。但对于多行字符串,这些解决方案都不够优雅。Python有个多行字符串记号,即三个引号,但这样无法换行后保持缩进。

还有一个方法,那就是不带逗号的圆括号。我不知道为什么这种方式能工作,但能用就行。

my_long_text = ("We are no longer the knights who say Ni! "
        "We are now the knights who say ekki-ekki-"
        "ekki-p'tang-zoom-boing-z'nourrwringmm!")
print(my_long_text)
Copy after login

we are no longer the knights who say Ni! We are now the knights who say ekki-ekki-ekki-p'tang-zoom-boing-z'nourrwringmm!

Copy after login

 

Related labels:
source:php.cn
Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
Popular Tutorials
More>
Latest Downloads
More>
Web Effects
Website Source Code
Website Materials
Front End Template